Effect of Light Biocementation on the Liquefaction Triggering and Post-Triggering Behavior of Loose Sands
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 1
Abstract
Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is an environmentally conscious ground-improvement method that can enhance the engineering properties of granular soils through the precipitation of calcium carbonate () on soil particle surfaces and contacts. Although numerous studies have shown the ability of biocementation to improve the liquefaction resistance of loose sands, the effects of light cementation levels on undrained cyclic behaviors have remained relatively unexplored. A series of undrained monotonic and cyclic direct simple shear tests were performed to examine the effect of light biocementation ( and contents ) on the liquefaction triggering and post-triggering behavior of loose Ottawa F-65 sand subjected to varying loading magnitudes [cyclic stress ratio ( to 0.3]. Results suggest that the presence of light biocementation can significantly improve the liquefaction triggering resistance of loose sands, with log-linear increases in the number of cycles required to trigger liquefaction, which consistently correlated with cementation-induced increases. Despite these remarkable pretriggering improvements, almost no improvements were observed in post-triggering strain accumulation and postcyclic reconsolidation behaviors, with measurements indicating that small-strain improvements were largely erased following shearing events.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated during the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All measured data presented in the figures of this paper will be available through the NSF DesignSafe-CI Data Depot repository (https://www.designsafe-ci.org/data/browser/public/) under Project No. PRJ-2912.
Acknowledgments
Support for this research provided by the University of Washington and the Engineering Research Center Program of the National Science Foundation under NSF Cooperative Agreement No. EEC-1449501 is greatly appreciated. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Presented SEM images were made possible by the Molecular Analysis Facility, a National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure site at the University of Washington, which is supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant NNCI-1542101, the University of Washington, the Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, and the Clean Energy Institute. The authors appreciate insightful discussions with Professor Jason T. DeJong, which greatly improved the study. Research assistance from Dr. Scott Braswell and Lucas Lindberg are acknowledged and appreciated.
References
Akili, W., and M. A. A.-J. Nabil. 1988. “Cone penetration tests on artificially cemented sands.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Penetration Testing, 607–613. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for rapid determination of carbonate content of soils. ASTM D4373-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test methods for maximum index density and unit weight of soils using a vibratory table. ASTM D4253-16e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test methods for minimum index density and unit weight of soils and calculation of relative density. ASTM D4254-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purpose. ASTM D2487-17e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bachus, R. C., G. W. Clough, N. Sitar, N. Shafii-Rad, J. Crosby, and P. Kaboli. 1981. Behavior of weakly cemented soil slopes under static and seismic loading conditions, Vol. II. Washington, DC: USGS.
Bernardi, D., J. T. DeJong, B. M. Montoya, and B. C. Martinez. 2014. “Bio-bricks: Biologically cemented sandstone bricks.” Constr. Build. Mater. 55 (Mar): 462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.019.
Bhattacharya, A., S. N. Naik, and S. K. Khare. 2018. “Harnessing the bio-mineralization ability of urease producing Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae EMB19 for remediation of heavy metal cadmium (II).” J. Environ. Manage. 215 (Jun): 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.055.
Bolton, M. D. 1986. “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Géotechnique 36 (1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65.
Burdalski, R. J. II. 2020. “Investigating the effect of biological and chemical factors on the reaction kinetics and mineralogy of ureolytic bio-cementation.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Washington.
Burdalski, R. J., and M. G. Gomez. 2020. “Investigating the effect of microbial activity and chemical concentrations on the mineralogy and morphology of ureolytic bio-cementation.” In Proc., Geo-Congress 2020: Biogeotechnics, 83–95. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Carey, T. J., N. Stone, and B. L. Kutter. 2020. “Grain size analysis and maximum and minimum dry density testing of Ottawa F-65 sand for LEAP-UCD-2017.” In Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading, 31–44. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Choi, S. G., K. Wang, and J. Chu. 2016. “Properties of biocemented, fiber reinforced sand.” Constr. Build. Mater. 120 (Sep): 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.124.
Clough, G. W., and R. C. Bachus. 1981. “An investigation of sampling disturbance in weakly cemented soils.” In Proc., Engineering Foundation Conf. in Updating Subsurface Sampling and In-situ Testing. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Clough, G. W., J. Iwabuchi, N. S. Rad, and T. Kuppusamy. 1989. “Influence of cementation on liquefaction of sands.” J. Geotech. Eng. 115 (8): 1102–1117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:8(1102).
Clough, G. W., N. Sitar, R. C. Bachus, and N. S. Rad. 1981. “Cemented sands under static loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 107 (6): 799–817. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001152.
Cuthbert, M. O., L. A. McMillan, S. Handley-Sidhu, M. S. Riley, D. J. Tobler, and V. R. Phoenix. 2013. “A field and modeling study of fractured rock permeability reduction using microbially induced calcite precipitation.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (23): 13637–13643. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402601g.
Darby, K. M., G. L. Hernandez, J. T. DeJong, R. W. Boulanger, M. G. Gomez, and D. W. Wilson. 2019. “Centrifuge model testing of liquefaction mitigation via microbially induced calcite precipitation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (10): 04019084. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002122.
DeJong, J. T., M. B. Fritzges, and K. Nüsslein. 2006. “Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (11): 1381–1392. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1381).
DeJong, J. T., B. M. Mortensen, B. C. Martinez, and D. C. Nelson. 2010. “Bio-mediated soil improvement.” Ecol. Eng. 36 (2): 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.029.
DeJong, J. T., K. Soga, E. Kavazanjian, S. Burns, L. van Paassen, A. Al Qabany, and C. Y. Chen. 2013. “Biogeochemical processes and geotechnical applications: Progress, opportunities and challenges.” In Proc., 17th Géotechnique Symp. in Print, 143–157. London: Institute of Civil Engineers Publishing.
De Muynck, W., D. Debrouwer, N. De Belie, and W. Verstraete. 2008. “Bacterial carbonate precipitation improves the durability of cementitious materials.” Cem. Concr. Res. 38 (7): 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.005.
El Ghoraiby, M., H. Park, and M. T. Manzari. 2020. “Physical and mechanical properties of Ottawa F65 sand.” In Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading, 45–67. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Feng, K., and B. M. Montoya. 2016. “Influence of confinement and cementation level on the behavior of microbial-induced calcite precipitated sands under monotonic drained loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (1): 04015057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001379.
Ferris, F. G., V. Phoenix, Y. Fujita, and R. W. Smith. 2004. “Kinetics of calcite precipitation induced by ureolytic bacteria at 10 to 20°C in artificial groundwater.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 (8): 1701–1710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00503-9.
Ferris, F. G., L. G. Stehmeier, A. Kantzas, and F. M. Mourits. 1996. “Bacteriogenic mineral plugging.” J. Can. Pet. Technol. 35 (8): 56–61.
Frydman, S., T. Hendron, and H. Horn. 1980. “Liquefaction study of cemented sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 106 (3): 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000933.
Fujita, Y., G. D. Redden, J. S. Ingram, M. M. Cortez, and R. W. Smith. 2004. “Strontium incorporation into calcite generated by bacterial ureolysis.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 (15): 3261–3270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.12.018.
Gao, Y., L. Hang, J. He, and J. Chu. 2019. “Mechanical behaviour of biocemented sands at various treatment levels and relative densities.” Acta Geotech. 14 (3): 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0729-3.
Ghasemi, P., and B. M. Montoya. 2020. “Field application of the microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation on a coastal sandy slope.” In Proc., Geo-Congress 2020: Biogeotechnics, 141–149. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Gomez, M. G., C. M. Anderson, J. T. DeJong, D. C. Nelson, C. M. R. Graddy, and T. R. Ginn. 2017. “Large-scale comparison of bioaugmentation and biostimulation approaches for biocementation of sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (5): 04016124. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001640.
Gomez, M. G., and J. T. DeJong. 2017. “Engineering properties of bio-cementation improved sandy soils.” In Proc., Grouting, 22–33. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Gomez, M. G., J. T. DeJong, and C. M. Anderson. 2018a. “Effect of bio-cementation on geophysical and cone penetration measurements in sands.” Can. Geotech. J. 55 (11): 1632–1646. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0253.
Gomez, M. G., C. M. Graddy, J. T. DeJong, and D. C. Nelson. 2019. “Biogeochemical changes during bio-cementation mediated by stimulated and augmented ureolytic microorganisms.” Sci. Rep. 9 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47973-0.
Gomez, M. G., C. M. Graddy, J. T. DeJong, D. C. Nelson, and M. Tsesarsky. 2018b. “Stimulation of native microorganisms for biocementation in samples recovered from field-scale treatment depths.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (1): 04017098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001804.
Gomez, M. G., B. C. Martinez, J. T. DeJong, C. E. Hunt, L. A. deVlaming, D. W. Major, and S. M. Dworatzek. 2015. “Field-scale bio-cementation tests to improve sands.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 168 (3): 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.13.00052.
He, J., X. Chen, Q. Zhang, and V. Achal. 2019. “More effective immobilization of divalent lead than hexavalent chromium through carbonate mineralization by Staphylococcus epidermidis HJ2.” Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 140 (May): 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.03.012.
Hernandez, G. L. 2018. “Centrifuge model testing of liquefaction mitigation via microbially induced calcite precipitation.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Idriss, I. M., and R. W. Boulanger. 2008. Soil liquefaction during earthquake. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Ishihara, K. 1993. “Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.” Géotechnique 43 (3): 351–451. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.3.351.
Ismail, M. A., H. A. Joer, W. H. Sim, and M. F. Randolph. 2002. “Effect of cement type on shear behavior of cemented calcareous soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (6): 520–529. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:6(520).
Jiang, N. J., R. Liu, Y. J. Du, and Y. Z. Bi. 2019. “Microbial induced carbonate precipitation for immobilizing Pb contaminants: Toxic effects on bacterial activity and immobilization efficiency.” Sci. Total Environ. 672 (Jul): 722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.294.
Karol, R. H. 2003. Chemical grouting and soil stabilization, revised and expanded. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kendall, A., A. J. Raymond, J. Tipton, and J. T. DeJong. 2018. “Review of life-cycle-based environmental assessments of geotechnical systems.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Eng. Sustainability 171 (2): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1680/jensu.16.00073.
Lee, M., M. G. Gomez, M. El Kortbawi, and K. Ziotopoulou. 2020. “Examining the liquefaction resistance of lightly cemented sands using microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP).” In Proc., Geo-Congress 2020: Biogeotechnics, 53–64. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Li, L., K. Wen, C. Bu, and F. Amini. 2020. “Enhancement of bio-sandy brick through discrete randomly distributed fiber.” In Proc., Geo-Congress 2020: Biogeotechnics, 39–45. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Li, M., L. Li, U. Ogbonnaya, K. Wen, A. Tian, and F. Amini. 2016. “Influence of fiber addition on mechanical properties of MICP-treated sand.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (4): 04015166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001442.
Lin, H., M. T. Suleiman, H. M. Jabbour, D. G. Brown, and E. Kavazanjian Jr. 2016. “Enhancing the axial compression response of pervious concrete ground improvement piles using biogrouting.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (10): 04016045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001515.
Lings, M. L., and P. D. Greening. 2001. “A novel bender/extender element for soil testing.” Géotechnique 51 (8): 713–717. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.8.713.
Martinez, B. C., and J. T. DeJong. 2009. “Bio-mediated soil improvement: Load transfer mechanisms at the micro- and macro-scales.” In Proc., 2009 US-China Workshop on Ground Improvement Technologies. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Minto, J. M., E. MacLachlan, G. El Mountassir, and R. J. Lunn. 2016. “Rock fracture grouting with microbially induced carbonate precipitation.” Water Resour. Res. 52 (11): 8827–8844. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018884.
Mitchell, J. K. 2008. “Aging of sand—A continuing enigma?” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, 1–21. Rollo, MO: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Mobley, H. L., M. D. Island, and R. P. Hausinger. 1995. “Molecular biology of microbial ureases.” Microbiol. Rev. 59 (3): 451–480. https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.59.3.451-480.1995.
Montoya, B. M., and J. T. DeJong. 2015. “Stress-strain behavior of sands cemented by microbially induced calcite precipitation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (6): 04015019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001302.
Montoya, B. M., J. T. DeJong, and R. W. Boulanger. 2013. “Dynamic response of liquefiable sand improved by microbial-induced calcite precipitation.” Géotechnique 63 (4): 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.SIP13.P.019.
Montoya, B. M., J. Do, and M. M. Gabr. 2018. “Erodibility of microbial induced carbonate precipitation-stabilized sand under submerged impinging jet.” In Proc., IFCEE 2018, 19–28. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Morales, B., F. Humire, and K. Ziotopoulou. 2020. Cyclic direct simple shear testing of Ottawa F-50 and F-65 sands. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
Nafisi, A., B. M. Montoya, and T. M. Evans. 2020. “Shear strength envelopes of biocemented sands with varying particle size and cementation level.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (3): 04020002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002201.
Phillips, A. J., et al. 2016. “Fracture sealing with microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation: A field study.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (7): 4111–4117. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05559.
Puppala, A. J., Y. B. Acar, and K. Senneset. 1993. “Cone penetration in cemented sands: Bearing capacity interpretation.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (12): 1990–2002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:12(1990).
Rad, N. S., and G. W. Clough. 1982. The influence of cementation on the static and dynamic behavior of sands. Stanford, CA: John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ.
Rad, N. S., and M. T. Tumay. 1986. “Effect of cementation on the cone penetration resistance of sand: A model study.” Geotech. Test. J. 9 (3): 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10617J.
Ramachandran, S. K., V. Ramakrishnan, and S. S. Bang. 2001. “Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms.” ACI Mater. J. 98 (1): 3–9.
Ramakrishnan, V., S. S. Bang, and K. S. Deo. 1998. “A novel technique for repairing cracks in high performance concrete using bacteria.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on HPHSC, 597–618. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Ramakrishnan, V., K. P. Ramesh, and S. S. Bang. 2001. “Bacterial concrete.” In Proc., SPIE 4234, 168–176. Bellingham, WA: SPEI.
Riveros, G. A., and A. Sadrekarimi. 2020. “Liquefaction resistance of Fraser River sand improved by a microbially-induced cementation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 131 (Apr): 106034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106034.
San Pablo, A. C. M., et al. 2020. “Meter-scale bio-cementation experiments to advance process control and reduce impacts: Examining spatial control, ammonium by-product removal, and chemical reductions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (11): 04020125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002377.
Saxena, S., K. Reddy, and A. Avramidis. 1988. “Liquefaction resistance of artificially cemented sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 114 (12): 1395–1413. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:12(1395).
Saxena, S. K., and R. M. Lastrico. 1978. “Static properties of lightly cemented sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 104 (12): 1449–1464. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000728.
Seagren, E. A., and A. H. Aydilek. 2010. “Biomediated geomechanical processes.” In Environmental microbiology. 2nd ed., 319–348. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Simatupang, M., M. Okamura, K. Hayashi, and H. Yasuhara. 2018. “Small-strain shear modulus and liquefaction resistance of sand with carbonate precipitation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 115 (Dec): 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.09.027.
Stocks-Fischer, S., J. K. Galinat, and S. S. Bang. 1999. “Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3.” Soil Biol. Biochem. 31 (11): 1563–1571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00082-6.
Tao, J., J. Li, X. Wang, and R. Bao. 2018. “Nature-inspired bridge scour countermeasures: Streamlining and biocementation.” J. Test. Eval. 46 (4): 1376–1390. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170517.
Ueda, K., R. Vargas, and K. Uemura. 2018. LEAP-Asia-2018: Stress-strain response of Ottawa sand in cyclic torsional shear tests. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
van Paassen, L. A., R. Ghose, T. J. M. van der Linden, W. R. L. van der Star, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. 2010. “Quantifying biomediated ground improvement by ureolysis: Large-scale biogrout experiment.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (12): 1721–1728. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000382.
Wu, J., A. M. Kammerer, M. F. Riemer, R. B. Seed, and J. M. Pestana. 2004. “Laboratory study of liquefaction triggering criteria.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Xiao, P., H. Liu, A. W. Stuedlein, T. M. Evans, and Y. Xiao. 2019a. “Effect of relative density and biocementation on cyclic response of calcareous sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 56 (12): 1849–1862. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0573.
Xiao, P., H. Liu, Y. Xiao, A. W. Stuedlein, and T. M. Evans. 2018. “Liquefaction resistance of bio-cemented calcareous sand.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 107 (Apr): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.01.008.
Xiao, Y., H. Chen, A. W. Stuedlein, T. M. Evans, J. Chu, L. Cheng, N. Jiang, H. Lin, H. Liu, and H. M. Aboel-Naga. 2020. “Restraint of particle breakage by biotreatment method.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (11): 04020123. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002384.
Xiao, Y., X. He, T. M. Evans, A. W. Stuedlein, and H. Liu. 2019b. “Unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strength of basalt fiber–reinforced biocemented sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (9): 04019048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002108.
Zamani, A., and B. M. Montoya. 2019. “Undrained cyclic response of silty sands improved by microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 120 (May): 436–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.01.010.
Ziotopoulou, K., J. Montgomery, A. M. Parra Bastidas, and B. Morales. 2018. “Cyclic response of Ottawa F-65 sand: Laboratory and numerical investigation.” In Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V (GEESDV 2018). Reston, VA: ASCE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 1 • January 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 21, 2020
Accepted: Aug 20, 2021
Published online: Oct 21, 2021
Published in print: Jan 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 21, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zhiguang Han, Jianwei Zhang, Hanliang Bian, Jianwei Yue, Jianzhang Xiao, Yingqi Wei, Study on Liquefaction-Resistance Performance of MICP-Cemented Sands: Applying Centrifuge Shake Table Tests, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11685, 150, 8, (2024).
- E. Yazdani, B. M. Montoya, M. Wengrove, T. M. Evans, Effect of Bio-Cementation on Wave-Induced Pore Water Pressure in Sand, Geo-Congress 2024, 10.1061/9780784485330.003, (20-29), (2024).
- Maya El Kortbawi, Diane M. Moug, Katerina Ziotopoulou, Jason T. DeJong, Ross W. Boulanger, Closure to “Axisymmetric Simulations of Cone Penetration in Biocemented Sands”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11890, 149, 11, (2023).
- Bruna G. O. Ribeiro, Michael G. Gomez, Dissolution Behavior of Ureolytic Biocementation: Physical Experiments and Reactive Transport Modeling, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11275, 149, 9, (2023).
- Yang Xiao, Wentao Xiao, Huanran Wu, Yi Liu, Hanlong Liu, Fracture of Interparticle MICP Bonds under Compression, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8282, 23, 3, (2023).
- Simon Oberhollenzer, Andre Baldermann, Roman Marte, Djemil Mahamat Moussa Tahir, Franz Tschuchnigg, Martin Dietzel, Manfred Nachtnebel, Microstructure Development in Artificially Cemented, Fine-Grained Soils, Geosciences, 10.3390/geosciences12090333, 12, 9, (333), (2022).
- Francisco Humire, Katerina Ziotopoulou, Mechanisms of shear strain accumulation in laboratory experiments on sands exhibiting cyclic mobility behavior, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 10.1139/cgj-2021-0373, 59, 8, (1401-1413), (2022).
- Maya El Kortbawi, Diane M. Moug, Katerina Ziotopoulou, Jason T. DeJong, Ross W. Boulanger, Axisymmetric Simulations of Cone Penetration in Biocemented Sands, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002914, 148, 11, (2022).
- Yang Xiao, Xiang He, Musharraf Zaman, Guoliang Ma, Chang Zhao, Review of Strength Improvements of Biocemented Soils, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002565, 22, 11, (2022).
- Yang Xiao, Wei Zhou, Jinquan Shi, Huaming Lu, Zhichao Zhang, Erosion of Biotreated Field-Scale Slopes under Rainfalls, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001732, 36, 3, (2022).
- See more