Abstract
Coarse grains accumulate at granular flow fronts and must be considered when studying granular flows impacting barriers. Experimental studies often use instrumented barriers comprising a load transducer and load-bearing plate. However, it is not clear how to scale the mass of these composite barriers relative to coarse grains such that forces induced are properly captured by the load transducer. This study considers the impact force from grains on instrumented barriers using both a physical flume and a discrete element method (DEM) model. Results reveal two main scaling considerations for granular flows impacting load-measuring systems: (1) the design of the load-measuring system, and (2) the model size. Considerations relating to the design of the load-measuring system include (1) the relative mass of the grains and the load-measuring system; (2) the spring element stiffness of the load-measuring system; and (3) the grain impact velocity. These are captured using a newly proposed dimensionless number. Additionally, discrete impacts appear to reduce in importance as the sizes of the flow and channel are increased, relative to the final static load due to the flow piling up, within the framework of Hertzian impact mechanics. This implies that small-scale DEM simulations adopting low elastic moduli (reducing discrete impact loads) may unintentionally correctly represent larger-scale impact dynamics.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. This includes the load cell data and the code used for the DEM simulations, as well as the MATLAB version 2019b code used for data extraction and graph plotting.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the generous financial sponsorship from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51709052), as well as the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (General Research Fund Grant Nos. 16212618, 16209717, 16210219, T22-603/15N, and AoE/E-603/18) and the University of Hong Kong start-up fund for new staff from the Department of Civil Engineering and the Faculty of Engineering. Furthermore, some of the work was performed while the first author was working in France under funding graciously provided as part of the MOPGA 2021–22 scheme (MOPGA-976501H), from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France). The authors would also like to thank Mr. Doug Ho for a useful preliminary investigation conducted on DEM contact models for open-channel flows. The authors are also grateful for the detailed comments and suggestions given by two anonymous reviewers, whose input helped to greatly improve the manuscript.
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Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 12 • December 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 5, 2020
Accepted: Jul 1, 2021
Published online: Sep 28, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 28, 2022
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