Analytical Interaction Diagram for Lateral Responses of a Rigid Pile in Homogeneous Overconsolidated Clay
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 9
Abstract
This paper proposes analytical solutions and a normalized interaction diagram for the lateral responses of a rigid pile subjected to a combined horizontal force and moment. The analysis model considers a rigid pile embedded in homogeneous cohesive soil (assuming that the horizontal subgrade stiffness and yield strength are constant with depth). Different states of soil yielding, as well as the ultimate state, are defined according to the development of the yielding range of soil around the ground surface and pile tip. Through the equilibria of moment and horizontal force at the pile head, the analytical solutions of the failure envelope and the displacement and rotation responses for different soil states are derived. These solutions can be used to build the force-displacement and moment-rotation curves at the pile head. The results of the laboratory and field tests reported in the literature are simulated for demonstration. Furthermore, the normalized interaction diagram between the pile-head moment and horizontal force is built, using which the state of soil yielding and corresponding displacement mode of the pile under a pile-head loading condition can be traced.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all of the data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Grant No. MOST 2628-E-002-004-MY3) and the National Taiwan University, Taiwan (Grant No. NTU-CC-109L893205) for financial support.
References
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2000. API recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms-working stress design. Rep. RP-2A-WSD. Washington, DC: API.
Bierschwale, M. W., M. C. Harry, and R. E. Bartoskewitz. 1981. Field tests and new design procedure for laterally loaded drilled shafts in clay. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M Univ.
Briaud, J. L. 1997. “SALLOP: Simple approach for lateral loads on piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 123 (10): 958–964. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:10(958).
Brinch Hansen, J. 1961. “Ultimate resistance of rigid piles against transversal forces.” Danish Geotech. Inst. Bull. 12: 5–9.
Broms, B. B. 1964. “Lateral resistance of piles in cohesive soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 90 (2): 27–63. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000611.
Computers and Structures. 2017. SAP2000 19.2.2 [Computer program]. Berkeley, CA: Computers & Structures.
Duncan, J. M., L. T. Evans, and P. S. K. Ooi. 1994. “Lateral load analysis of single piles and drilled shafts.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 120 (5): 1018–1033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:6(1018).
Gerolymos, N., A. Zafeirakos, and K. Karapiperis. 2015. “Generalized failure envelope for caisson foundations in cohesive soil: Static and dynamic loading.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 78 (Nov): 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.07.012.
Gerolymos, N., A. Zafeirakos, and C. Souliotis. 2012. “Insight to failure mechanisms of caisson foundations under combined loading: A macro-element approach.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Performance-based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Taormina, Italy, Paper No. 11.10. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Glick, G. W. 1948. “Influence of soft ground on the design of long piles.” In Vol. 4 of Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 84–88. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Guo, W. D. 2008. “Laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (5): 676–697. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-110.
Guo, W. D. 2012. Theory and practice of pile foundations. London: CRC Press.
Hsiung, Y. M., S. S. Chen, and Y. C. Chou. 2006. “Analytical solution for piles supporting combined lateral loads.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (10): 1315–1324. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:10(1315).
Karapiperis, K., and N. Gerolymos. 2014. “Combined loading of caisson foundations in cohesive soil: Finite element versus Winkler modeling.” Comput. Geotech. 56 (Mar): 100–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.11.006.
Kulhawy, F. H., and P. W. Mayne. 1990. Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Matlock, H. 1970. “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 2nd Annual Offshore Technology Conf., 577–594. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Mayne, P. W., F. H. Kulhawy, and C. H. Trautmann. 1992. An experimental study of the behavior of drilled shaft foundations under static and cyclic lateral and moment loading. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Mayne, P. W., F. H. Kulhawy, and C. H. Trautmann. 1995. “Laboratory modeling of laterally-loaded drilled shafts in clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. 121 (12): 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:12(827).
Motta, E. 2013. “Lateral deflection of horizontally loaded rigid piles in elastoplastic medium.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (3): 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000771.
Murff, J. D., and J. M. Hamilton. 1993. “P-ultimate for undrained analysis of laterally loaded piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (1): 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:1(91).
Poulos, H. G., and E. H. Davis. 1980. Pile foundation analysis and design. New York: Wiley.
Reese, L. C., W. P. Cox, and F. D. Koop. 1974. “Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand.” In vol. 2 of Proc., 6th Offshore Technology Conf., 473–485. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Reese, L. C., W. P. Cox, and F. D. Koop. 1975. “Field testing and analysis of laterally loaded piles in stiff clay.” In Proc., 7th Offshore Technology Conf., 672–690. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Scott, R. F. 1981. Foundation analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Zafeirakos, A., and N. Gerolymos. 2016. “Bearing strength surface for bridge caisson foundations in frictional soil under combined loading.” Acta Geotech. 11 (5): 1189–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0431-7.
Zhang, L. 2009. “Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded piles in cohesionless soil.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (5): 718–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.12.001.
Zhang, L., and S. Ahmari. 2013. “Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geotech. 37 (2): 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1094.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 2, 2020
Accepted: May 6, 2021
Published online: Jul 15, 2021
Published in print: Sep 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Dec 15, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Jiunn-Shyang Chiou, Han-Yu Chien, Theoretical interaction diagrams of a laterally loaded rigid caisson considering base shear and moment resistances, Ocean Engineering, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111937, 261, (111937), (2022).