MgO-GGBS Binder–Stabilized/Solidified PAE-Contaminated Soil: Strength and Leachability in Early Stage
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 8
Abstract
The MgO granulated ground blast-furnace slag (GGBS) binder, as a novel binder, has gained increasing attention in recent decades in stabilization/solidification (S/S) to treat contaminated soils. In this study, the physical strength and leaching performance of an MgO-GGBS (MG) binder was examined and compared with (PC) portland cement and PC and fly ash (PF) regarding the S/S treatment of dimethyl phthalates (PAE) contaminated soil after 7-day curing. PC, GGBS, fly ash (FA) and MgO were used as binders and the effect of different MG dosages was discussed. The results show that the order of early-stage strength after 7-day curing was: , and PAE leachate concentrations was in the order of . The increase in MG dosage can improve the strength of binders and immobilize PAEs, while the increase of initial PAE concentrations () can reduce the strength and increase the leaching of PAE. Therefore, the MG binder showed a better performance for the S/S of PAE-contaminated soil than PC and PF binders. The relation between leachability and strength was further explored and is expected to provide guidance for the early-stage strength estimation after the S/S of PAE-contaminated clay soil with the MG binder.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This study is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1803100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978157), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. The third author would like to thank the Killam Trusts of Canada for kindly providing the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Postdoctoral Fellowship.
References
Al-Ansary, M. S., and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2007. “Stabilisation/solidification of synthetic petroleum drill cuttings.” J. Hazard. Mater. 141 (2): 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.079.
ASTM. 2008. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength index of chemical-grouted soils. ASTM D4219-08. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for making and curing soil-cement compression and flexure test specimens in the laboratory. ASTM D1632-17e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bui, T. T., A. Alves, A. Palm-Cousins, S. Voorspoels, A. Covaci, and I. T. Cousins. 2017. “Estimating uptake of phthalate ester metabolites into the human nail plate using pharmacokinetic modelling.” Environ. Int. 100 (Mar): 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.007.
Cai, Q. Y., C. H. Mo, Q. T. Wu, A. Katsoyiannis, and Q. Y. Zeng. 2008. “The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in China: A review.” Sci. Total Environ. 389 (2): 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.026.
Chen, L., L. Wang, D. W. Cho, D. C. Tsang, L. Tong, Y. Zhou, J. Yang, Q. Hu, and C. S. Poon. 2019. “Sustainable stabilization/solidification of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash by incorporation of green materials.” J. Cleaner Prod. 222 (Jun): 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.057.
Chen, Q. Y., M. Tyrer, C. D. Hills, X. M. Yang, and P. Carey. 2009. “Immobilisation of heavy metal in cement-based solidification/stabilisation: A review.” Waste Manage. 29 (1): 390–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019.
Cubukcuoglu, B., and S. K. Ouki. 2012. “Solidification/stabilisation of electric arc furnace waste using low grade MgO.” Chemosphere 86 (8): 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.007.
Dermatas, D., M. Dadachov, M. Mirabito, and X. Meng. 2003. “Strength development of solidified/stabilized organic waste and optimum treatment design.” J. Air Waste Manage. 53 (11): 1363–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466302.
Du, Y. J., J. Wu, Y. L. Bo, and N. J. Jiang. 2020. “Effects of acid rain on physical, mechanical and chemical properties of GGBS–MgO-solidified/stabilized Pb-contaminated clayey soil.” Acta Geotech. 15 (4): 923–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00793-y.
Ekwue, E. I., R. A. Birch, and N. R. Chadee. 2014. “A comparison of four instruments for measuring the effects of organic matter on the strength of compacted agricultural soils.” Biosyst. Eng. 127 (Nov): 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.09.003.
Garcia, J. M., and M. L. Robertson. 2017. “The future of plastics recycling.” Science 358 (6365): 870–872. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0324.
García, M. A., J. M. Chimenos, A. I. Fernández, L. Miralles, M. Segarra, and F. Espiell. 2004. “Low-grade MgO used to stabilize heavy metals in highly contaminated soils.” Chemosphere 56 (5): 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.005.
Gillman, G. P. 2005. “Hydrotalcite: Leaching-retarded fertilizers for sandy soils.” In Proc., Management of Tropical Sandy Soils for Sustainable Agriculture, 107–111. Vienna, Austria: International Union of Soil Sciences.
Hrvoje, M., C. Heriberto, V. Milan, and D. Neven. 2016. “Environmental assessment of different cement manufacturing processes based on Emergy and Ecological Footprint analysis.” J. Cleaner Prod. 130 (Sep): 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.087.
Jin, F., and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2014. “Evaluation of novel reactive MgO activated slag binder for the immobilisation of lead and zinc.” Chemosphere 117 (Dec): 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.027.
Jin, F., F. Wang, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2016. “Three-year performance of in-situ solidified/stabilised soil using novel MgO-bearing binders.” Chemosphere 144 (Feb): 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.046.
Kogbara, R. B. 2011. “Process envelopes for and biodegradation within stabilised/solidified contaminated soils.” Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Leonard, S. A., and J. A. Stegemann. 2010a. “Stabilization/solidification of petroleum drill cuttings.” J. Hazard. Mater. 174 (1–3): 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.075.
Leonard, S. A., and J. A. Stegemann. 2010b. “Stabilization/solidification of petroleum drill cuttings: Leaching studies.” J. Hazard. Mater. 174 (1–3): 484–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.078.
Li, K., D. Ma, J. Wu, C. Chai, and Y. Shi. 2016. “Distribution of phthalate esters in agricultural soil with plastic film mulching in Shandong Peninsula, East China.” Chemosphere 164: 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.068.
Li, X. H., L. L. Ma, X. F. Liu, S. Fu, H. X. Cheng, and X. B. Xu. 2006. “Phthalate ester pollution in urban soil of Beijing, People’s Republic of China.” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 77 (2): 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-006-1057-0.
Liu, C. 2013. “Mechanical characteristics, durability characteristics and micro-structure mechanism of GGBS+MgO solidified soil.” Master thesis, School of Transportation, Southeast Univ.
Lü, H., C. H. Mo, H. M. Zhao, L. Xiang, A. Katsoyiannis, Y. W. Li, Q. Y. Cai, and M. H. Wong. 2018. “Soil contamination and sources of phthalates and its health risk in China: A review.” Environ. Res. 164: 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.013.
Net, S., R. Sempéré, A. Delmont, A. Paluselli, and B. Ouddane. 2015. “Occurrence, fate, behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (7): 4019–4035. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505233b.
Paluselli, A., V. Fauvelle, F. Galgani, and R. Sempéré. 2018. “Phthalate release from plastic fragments and degradation in seawater.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (1): 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05083.
Perera, A. 2005. “The role of accelerated carbonation in the ageing of cement-based stabilised/solidified contaminated materials.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Pollard, S. J. T., D. M. Montgomery, C. J. Sollars, and R. Perry. 1991. “Organic compounds in the cement-based stabilisation/solidification of hazardous mixed wastes—Mechanistic and process considerations.” J. Hazard. Mater. 28 (3): 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(91)87082-D.
Rahman, I. M. M., Z. A. Begum, and H. Sawai. 2016. Environmental remediation technologies for metal-contaminated soils. Tokyo: Springer.
USEPA. 1990. “Method 1311: Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure.” Fed. Regist. 51 (216): 40643–40652.
Wainwright, P. J., and N. Rey. 2000. “The influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) additions and time delay on the bleeding of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (4): 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00024-X.
Wang, F. 2015. “Time-related performance of soil mix technology stabilized/solidified soils from two contaminated sites.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Wang, F., F. Jin, Z. Shen, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2016. “Three-year performance of in-situ mass stabilised contaminated site soils using MgO-bearing binders.” J. Hazard. Mater. 318 (Nov): 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.018.
Wang, F., Z. Shen, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2018a. “PC-based and MgO-based binders stabilised/solidified heavy metal-contaminated model soil: Strength and heavy metal speciation in early stage.” Géotechnique 68 (11): 1025–1030. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.P.194.
Wang, F., Z. Shen, R. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Xu, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2020. “GMCs stabilized/solidified Pb/Zn contaminated soil under different curing temperature: Physical and microstructural properties.” Chemosphere 239 (Jan): 124738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124738.
Wang, F., H. Wang, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2015a. “Time-dependent performance of soil mix technology stabilized/solidified contaminated site soils.” J. Hazard. Mater. 286 (Apr): 503–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.007.
Wang, F., H. Wang, F. Jin, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2015b. “The performance of blended conventional and novel binders in the in-situ stabilisation/solidification of a contaminated site soil.” J. Hazard. Mater. 285 (Mar): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.002.
Wang, F., Y. Zhang, Z. Shen, H. Pan, J. Xu, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2019. “GMCs stabilized/solidified Pb/Zn contaminated soil under different curing temperature: Leachability and durability.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26 (26): 26963–26971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05894-5.
Wang, P., Q. Xue, J. S. Li, T. T. Zhang, S. Y. Wang, Z. Z. Li, and L. Liu. 2018b. “Factors affecting the leaching behaviours of magnesium phosphate cement-stabilised/solidified Pb-contaminated soil. Part 1: Water-to-solid ratio and Pb concentration.” Int. Environ. Pollut. 63 (1–2): 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEP.2018.093027.
Zeng, F., K. Cui, Z. Xie, L. Wu, D. Luo, L. Chen, Y. Lin, M. Liu, and G. Sun. 2009. “Distribution of phthalate esters in urban soils of subtropical city, Guangzhou, China.” J. Hazard. Mater. 164 (2–3): 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.029.
Zhang, Y., P. Wang, L. Wang, G. Sun, J. Zhao, H. Zhang, and N. Du. 2015. “The influence of facility agriculture production on phthalate esters distribution in black soils of northeast China.” Sci. Total Environ. 506 (Feb): 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.075.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 9, 2020
Accepted: Mar 24, 2021
Published online: May 24, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 24, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Diaf Nasreddine, Hidjeb Mustapha, Boudjellal Khaled, Boudiaf Mohamed, Lamri Ihcene, Optimization of the Combined Effect of Lime and Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag on Clayey Soil, Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.2478/sspjce-2022-0007, 17, 1, (1-14), (2023).
- A. R. Estabragh, A. Ansar Shourijeh, K. Rezaei, A. A. Javadi, M. Amini, Stabilization and Solidification of a Clay Soil Contaminated with MTBE by Using MgO and Hydrated Lime, Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 10.1080/15320383.2023.2192283, (1-20), (2023).
- Paul Sargent, Julieta Gonzalez, Christopher J. Ennis, Compressibility, Structure, and Leaching Assessments of an Alluvium Stabilized with a Biochar–Slag Binder, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11102, 149, 12, (2023).
- Lei Lang, Bing Chen, Jiangshan Li, High-efficiency stabilization of dredged sediment using nano-modified and chemical-activated binary cement, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.12.007, (2023).
- Agnieszka Lal, Joanna Fronczyk, Does Current Knowledge Give a Variety of Possibilities for the Stabilization/Solidification of Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals?—A Review, Materials, 10.3390/ma15238491, 15, 23, (8491), (2022).
- Milad Shahidi, Farhad Asemi, Farhang Farrokhi, Improving the Mechanical Behavior of Soil Contaminated with Gas–Oil Using Organoclay and Nanoclay, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 10.1007/s13369-022-07239-w, 48, 4, (4953-4969), (2022).