Technical Papers
Oct 14, 2020

Revisiting Methods for the Design of Rock Socketed Piles

Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 12

Abstract

The three principal methods specifically developed for the design of rock socketed piles were originally presented in the 1980s. One of the methods is an empirical technique based on the normalized performance of many full-scale pile tests while the other two are based on numerical and analytical techniques. However, there appears to be no detailed assessment of how well each method can predict the performance of piles socketed into rock. This paper discusses the three methods and then compares their predictions for load-settlement with the results of several foundation load tests particularly referencing settlements that might be acceptable for serviceability. It is demonstrated that while all three methods can produce reasonable predictions of performance, one of them tends to overpredict performance while the other two appear to underpredict performance. Only one of the methods produces load-settlement curves that bear a reasonable similarity to the expected shape of actual load-settlement curves.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request (load-settlement data, spreadsheets).

References

AASHTO. 2017. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. 8th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Akguner, C., and M. Kirkit. 2012. “Axial bearing capacity of socketed single cast-in-place piles.” Soils Found. 52 (1): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.01.012.
Asem, P., and P. Gardoni. 2019. “Evaluation of peak side resistance for rock socketed shafts in weak sedimentary rock from an extensive database of published field load tests: A limit state approach.” Can. Geotech. J. 56 (1–2): 1816–1831. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0590.
Aurora, R. P., and L. C. Reece. 1977. “Field tests of drilled shafts in clay-shales.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 371–376. Tokyo: Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Carter, J. P., and F. H. Kulhawy. 1988. Analysis and design of drilled shaft foundations socketed into rock.. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Choi, S. K. 1984. “The bearing capacity of foundations in weak rock.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Monash Univ.
Day, R. A., I. W. Johnston, and D. Yang. 2009. “Design of foundations to Second Gateway Bridge—Brisbane.” In Proc., 7th Austroads Bridge Conf. Auckland, New Zealand: Convention Management. http://www.cmsl.co.nz/assets/sm/3561/61/0046-E169Day.pdf.
Donald, I. B., H. K. Chiu, and S. W. Sloan. 1980. “Theoretical analyses of rock socketed piles.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Structural Foundations on Rock, edited by P. J. N. Pells, 303–316. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Glos, G. H., III, and O. H. Briggs Jr. 1983. “Rock sockets in soft rock.” J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (4): 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:4(525).
Goeke, P. M., and P. A. Hustad. 1979. “Instrumented drilled shafts in clay-shale.” In Proc., Symp. on Deep Foundations, 149–165. New York: ASCE.
Haberfield, C. M. 2013. “Performance of footings in rock based on serviceability.” Austr. Geomech. 48 (1): 1–50.
Haberfield, C. M., and A. L. E. Lochaden. 2019. “Analysis and design of axially loaded piles in rock.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 11 (3): 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.10.001.
Horvath, R. G. 1980. Research project report on load transfer for rock-socketed drilled pier foundations.. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada.
Horvath, R. G., and T. C. Kenney. 1979. “Shaft resistance of rock-socketed drilled piers.” In Proc., Symp. on Deep Foundations, 182–214. New York: ASCE.
Horvath, R. G., T. C. Kenney, and P. Kozicki. 1983. “Methods of improving the performance of drilled piers in weak rock.” Can. Geotech. J. 20 (4): 758–772. https://doi.org/10.1139/t83-081.
Horvath, R. G., T. C. Kenney, and W. A. Trow. 1980. “Results of tests to determine shaft resistance of rock-socketed piers.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Structural Foundations on Rock, edited by P. J. N. Pells, 349–361. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Johnston, I. W. 1977. “Rock socketing down–under.” Contract J. 279: 50–53.
Johnston, I. W., and S. K. Choi. 1986. “A synthetic soft rock for laboratory model studies.” Géotechnique 36 (2): 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.2.251.
Johnston, I. W., T. S. K. Lam, and A. F. Williams. 1987. “Constant normal stiffness direct shear testing for socketed pile design in weak rock.” Géotechnique 37 (1): 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1987.37.1.83.
Johnston, I. W., A. F. Williams, and H. K. Chiu. 1980. “Properties of soft rock relevant to socketed pile design.”. In Proc., Int. Conf. on Structural Foundations on Rock, edited by P. J. N. Pells, 55–64. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Kulhawy, F. H., and J. P. Carter. 1992. “Socketed foundations in rock masses.” Chap. 25 of Engineering in rock masses, edited by F. G. Bell, 509–529. Oxford, UK: Butterworth Heinemann.
Kulhawy, F. H., W. A. Prakoso, and S. O. Akbas. 2005. “Evaluation of capacity of rock foundation sockets.” In Proc., 40th US Symp. on Rock Mechanics. Anchorage, AK: American Rock Mechanics Association.
Kwon, O. S., Y. Choi, O. Kwon, and M. M. Kim. 2005. “Comparison of the bidirectional load test with the top-down load test.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1936 (1): 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193600113.
Lam, T. S. K., and I. W. Johnston. 1982. “A constant normal stiffness direct shear machine.” In Proc., 7th Southeast Asian Geotech. Conf., 805–820. Hong Kong: Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers.
Leung, C. F. 1996. “Case studies of rock-socketed piles.” Geotech. Eng. 27 (1): 51–67.
Mallard, D. J., and J. L. Ballantyne. 1976. “The behaviour of piles in Upper Chalk at Littlebrook D power station.” Géotechnique 26 (1): 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1976.26.1.115.
Osterberg, J. O. 1998. “The Osterberg load test method for drilled shafts and driven piles: The first ten years.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Piling and Deep Foundations, 1.28.1–1.28.11. Hawthorne, NJ: Deep Foundations Institute.
Pells, P. J. N., and R. M. Turner. 1979. “Elastic solutions for the design and analysis of rock-socketed piles.” Can. Geotech. J. 16 (3): 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1139/t79-054.
Radhakrishnan, R., and C. F. Leung. 1989. “Load transfer behaviour of rock-socketed piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. 115 (6): 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:6(755).
Rowe, R. K., and H. H. Armitage. 1987a. “A design method for drilled piers in soft rock.” Can. Geotech. J. 24 (1): 126–142. https://doi.org/10.1139/t87-011.
Rowe, R. K., and H. H. Armitage. 1987b. “Theoretical solutions for axial deformation of drilled shafts in rock.” Can. Geotech. J. 24 (1): 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1139/t87-010.
Rowe, R. K., and P. J. N. Pells. 1980. “A theoretical study of pile-rock socket behaviour.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Structural Foundations on Rock, edited by P. J. N. Pells, 253–264. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Seidel, J. P. 1993. “The analysis and design of pile shafts in weak rock.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Monash Univ.
Seidel, J. P., and B. Collingwood. 2001. “A new socket roughness factor for prediction of rock socket shaft resistance.” Can. Geotech. J. 38 (1): 138–153. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-083.
Standards Australia. 2009. Piling, design and installation.. Sydney: Standards Australia.
Walter, D. J., W. J. Burwash, and R. A. Montgomery. 1997. “Design of large-diameter drilled shafts for the Northumberland Strait bridge project.” Can. Geotech. J. 34 (4): 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-036.
Williams, A. F. 1980. “The design and performance of piles socketed into weak rock.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Monash Univ.
Williams, A. F., I. W. Johnston, and I. B. Donald. 1980. “The design of socketed piles in weak rock.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Structural Foundations on Rock, edited by P. J. N. Pells, 327–347. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Williams, A. F., and P. J. N. Pells. 1981. “Side resistance rock sockets in sandstone, mudstone and shale.” Can. Geotech. J. 18 (4): 502–513. https://doi.org/10.1139/t81-061.
Wong, P. K., and D. Oliveira. 2012. “Class A prediction versus performance of O-Cell pile load tests in Sydney Sandstone.” Austr. Geomech. 47 (3): 87–94.
Zhan, C., and J.-H. Yin. 2000. “Field static load tests on drilled shaft founded on or socketed into rock.” Can. Geotech. J. 37 (6): 1283–1294. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-048.
Zhang, L., and H. H. Einstein. 1998. “End bearing capacity of drilled shafts in rock.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (7): 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:7(574).

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146Issue 12December 2020

History

Received: Dec 6, 2019
Accepted: Jul 27, 2020
Published online: Oct 14, 2020
Published in print: Dec 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Mar 14, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Professorial Fellow, Dept. of Infrastructure Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-4673. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share