Exploration of the Survival Probability and Shape Evolution of Crushable Particles during One-Dimensional Compression Using Dyed Gypsum Particles
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 11
Abstract
Observing the fragmentation of individual particles within granular assemblies is a subject of evident theoretical and practical importance. A new technique using dyed gypsum particles (DGPs) to match the broken particles to their parents was adopted in this study. An image-based method of acquiring the shape information of particles from two orthogonal views was proposed. The mass survival probability and shape characteristics of the children particles were analyzed after a series of one-dimensional compression tests on the DGPs. It was found that medium-sized particles in the polydisperse samples underwent more breakage than the other particles, and this might have been attributed to the combined effects of the particle crushing strength and the coordination number. The shape evolution of broken particles and surviving particles showed opposite trends. Because the particles after the test within a given size range consisted of both the broken and surviving particles, their overall shape characteristics did not show a consistent trend. Furthermore, individual particle crushing tests on the children particles suggested that the breakage-induced shape irregularity did not change the Weibull modulus, but had a substantial effect on the magnitude of the survival probability.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This paper was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0404805), the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1765205; and 51979091), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. B200203017). The authors are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their excellent comments and suggestions.
References
Abbireddy, C. O. R., and C. R. I. Clayton. 2009. “A review of modern particle sizing methods.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 162 (4): 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2009.162.4.193.
Alonso, E. E., M. Tapias, and J. Gili. 2012. “Scale effects in rockfill behaviour.” Géotech. Lett. 2 (3): 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.12.00025.
Altuhafi, F., C. O’Sullivan, and I. Cavarretta. 2013. “Analysis of an image-based method to quantify the size and shape of sand particles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (8): 1290–1307. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000855.
Altuhafi, F. N., and M. R. Coop. 2011. “Changes to particle characteristics associated with the compression of sands.” Géotechnique 61 (6): 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.114.
Altuhafi, F. N., M. R. Coop, and V. N. Georgiannou. 2016. “Effect of particle shape on the mechanical behavior of natural sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (12): 04016071. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001569.
Barrett, P. J. 1980. “The shape of rock particles, a critical review.” Sedimentology 27 (3): 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01179.x.
Ben-Nun, O., I. Einav, and A. Tordesillas. 2010. “Force attractor in confined comminution of granular materials.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 (10): 108001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.108001.
Cheng, Y. P., M. D. Bolton, and Y. Nakata. 2004. “Crushing and plastic deformation of soils simulated using DEM.” Géotechnique 54 (2): 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.2.131.
Cheng, Y. P., Y. Nakata, and M. D. Bolton. 2003. “Discrete element simulation of crushable soil.” Géotechnique 53 (7): 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.633.
Cho, G.-C., J. Dodds, and J. C. Santamarina. 2006. “Particle shape effects on packing density, stiffness, and strength: Natural and crushed sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (5): 591–602. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:5(591).
Coop, M. R., K. K. Sorensen, T. Bodas-Freitas, and G. Georgoutsos. 2004. “Particle breakage during shearing of a carbonate sand.” Géotechnique 54 (3): 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.3.157.
Einav, I. 2007. “Breakage mechanics. Part I: Theory.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids 55 (6): 1274–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2006.11.003.
Eliáš, J. 2014. “Simulation of railway ballast using crushable polyhedral particles.” Powder Technol. 264 (Sep): 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.05.052.
Ferellec, J.-F., and G. R. McDowell. 2010. “A method to model realistic particle shape and inertia in DEM.” Granular Matter 12 (5): 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-010-0205-8.
Gladkyy, A., and M. Kuna. 2017. “DEM simulation of polyhedral particle cracking using a combined Mohr–Coulomb–Weibull failure criterion.” Granular Matter 19 (3): 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-017-0731-8.
Hagerty, M. M., D. R. Hite, C. R. Ullrich, and D. J. Hagerty. 1993. “One-dimensional high-pressure compression of granular media.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:1(1).
Hardin, B. O. 1985. “Crushing of soil particles.” J. Geotech. Eng. 111 (10): 1177–1192. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:10(1177).
Hurley, R. C., S. A. Hall, J. E. Andrade, and J. Wright. 2016. “Quantifying interparticle forces and heterogeneity in 3D granular materials.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 (9): 098005. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.098005.
Indraratna, B., Q. D. Sun, and S. Nimbalkar. 2015. “Observed and predicted behavior of rail ballast under monotonic loading capturing particle breakage.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (1): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0361.
Jardine, R. J., B. T. Zhu, P. Foray, and Z. X. Yang. 2013. “Interpretation of stress measurements made around closed-ended displacement piles in sand.” Géotechnique 63 (8): 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.138.
Jia, X., and R. A. Williams. 2001. “A packing algorithm for particles of arbitrary shapes.” Powder Technol. 120 (3): 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-5910(01)00268-6.
Jia, Y., B. Xu, S. Chi, B. Xiang, and Y. Zhou. 2017. “Research on the particle breakage of rockfill materials during triaxial tests.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (10): 04017085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000977.
Kittu, A., M. Watters, I. Cavarretta, and M. L. Bernhardt-Barry. 2019. “Characterization of additive manufactured particles for DEM validation studies.” Granular Matter 21 (3): 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-019-0908-4.
Kong, L., M. Ostadhassan, C. Li, and N. Tamimi. 2018a. “Can 3-D printed gypsum samples replicate natural rocks? An experimental study.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51 (10): 3061–3074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1520-3.
Kong, L., M. Ostadhassan, C. Li, and N. Tamimi. 2018b. “Pore characterization of 3D-printed gypsum rocks: A comprehensive approach.” J. Mater. Sci. 53 (7): 5063–5078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1953-1.
Kwok, C. Y., and M. D. Bolton. 2013. “DEM simulations of soil creep due to particle crushing.” Géotechnique 63 (16): 1365–1376. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.11.P.089.
Lade, P. V., J. A. Yamamuro, and P. A. Bopp. 1996. “Significance of particle crushing in granular materials.” J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (4): 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:4(309).
Liu, S., H. Mao, Y. Wang, and L. Weng. 2018. “Experimental study on crushable coarse granular materials during monotonic simple shear tests.” Geomech. Eng. 15 (1): 687–694. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.15.1.687.
Lu, M., and G. R. McDowell. 2010. “Discrete element modelling of railway ballast under monotonic and cyclic triaxial loading.” Géotechnique 60 (6): 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2010.60.6.459.
Mandelbrot, B. B. 1984. “The fractal geometry of nature.” Am. Math. Mon. 91 (9): 594–598. https://doi.org/10.2307/2323761.
Mao, W., S. Aoyama, and I. Towhata. 2019. “A study on particle breakage behavior during pile penetration process using acoustic emission source location.” Geosci. Front. 11 (2): 413–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2019.04.006.
Marsal, R. J. 1967. “Large-scale testing of rockfills materials.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 93 (2): 27–44.
McDowell, G. R. 2002. “On the yielding and plastic compression of sand.” Soils Found. 42 (1): 139–145. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.139.
McDowell, G. R., and M. D. Bolton. 1998. “On the micromechanics of crushable aggregates.” Géotechnique 48 (5): 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.5.667.
McDowell, G. R., M. D. Bolton, and D. Robertson. 1996. “The fractal crushing of granular materials.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids 44 (12): 2079–2101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(96)00058-0.
Minh, N. H., and Y. P. Cheng. 2013. “A DEM investigation of the effect of particle-sized distribution on one-dimensional compression.” Géotechnique 63 (1): 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.058.
Nakata, A. F. L., M. Hyde, H. Hyodo, and Murata. 1999. “A probabilistic approach to sand particle crushing in the triaxial test.” Géotechnique 49 (5): 567–583. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.5.567.
Nakata, Y., M. A. Hyodo, F. L. Hyde, Y. Kato, and H. Murata. 2001. “Microscopic particle crushing of sand subjected to high pressure one-dimensional compression.” Soils Found. 41 (1): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.69.
Obaidat, M. T., K. A. Ghuzlan, and M. M. Alawneh. 2017. “Analysis of volumetric properties of bituminous mixtures using cellular phones and image processing techniques.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 44 (9): 715–726. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0085.
Palmer, A. C., and T. J. O. Sanderson. 1991. “Fractal crushing of ice and brittle solids.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 433 (1889): 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1991.0060.
Peng, Y., X. Ding, Y. Xiao, X. Deng, and W. Deng. 2020. “Detailed amount of particle breakage in non-uniformly graded sands under one-dimensional compression.” Can. Geotech. J. 57 (8): 1239–1246. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0283.
Prudêncio, L. R., D. F. Weidmann, A. L. de Oliveira, and G. F. Damo. 2013. “Particle shape analysis of fine aggregate using a simplified digital image processing method.” Mag. Concr. Res. 65 (1): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.11.00199.
Shen, C. M., S. H. Liu, L. J. Wang, and Y. S. Wang. 2019. “Micromechanical modeling of particle breakage of granular materials in the framework of thermomechanics.” Acta Geotech. 14 (4): 939–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0692-z.
Shen, C. M., S. H. Liu, and Y. S. Wang. 2017. “Microscopic interpretation of one-dimensional compressibility of granular materials.” Comput. Geotech. 91 (Nov): 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.07.010.
Standardization Administration of China. 1999. Specification of soil test. CNS-GB/T 50123. Beijing: Standardization Administration of China.
Sun, Q. D., B. Indraratna, and S. Nimbalkar. 2016. “Deformation and degradation mechanisms of railway ballast under high frequency cyclic loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (1): 04015056. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001375.
Suzukia, M., T. Shinmurab, K. Iimuraa, and M. Hirotaa. 2008. “Study of the wall effect on particle packing structure using x-ray micro computed tomography.” Adv. Powder Technol. 19 (2): 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855208X293817.
Tapias, M., E. E. Alonso, and J. Gili. 2015. “A particle model for rockfill behavior.” Géotechnique 65 (12): 975–994. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.14.P.170.
Walton, W. H. 1948. “Feret’s statistical diameter as a measure of particle size.” Nature 162 (4113): 329–330. https://doi.org/10.1038/162329b0.
Wang, B., U. Martin, and S. Rapp. 2017. “Discrete element modelling of the single-particle crushing test for ballast stones.” Comput. Geotech. 88 (Aug): 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.03.007.
Wang, T., S. H. Liu, Y. Feng, and J. D. Yu. 2018. “Compaction characteristics and minimum void ratio prediction model for gap-graded soil-rock mixture.” Appl. Sci. 8 (12): 2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122584.
Weibull, W. 1951. “A statistical distribution function of wide applicability.” J. Appl. Mech. 18 (Sep): 293–297.
Wiebicke, M., E. Andò, I. Herle, and G. Viggiani. 2017. “On the metrology of interparticle contacts in sand from x-ray tomography images” Meas. Sci. Technol. 28 (12): 124007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa8dbf.
Wood, D. M., and K. Maeda. 2008. “Changing grading of soil: Effect on critical state.” Acta Geotech. 3 (1): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-007-0041-0.
Wu, Z., B. Zhang, L. Weng, Q. Liu, and L. N. Y. Wong. 2020. “A new way to replicate the highly stressed soft rock: 3D printing exploration.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53 (1): 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01926-1.
Xiao, Y., H. Liu, X. Ding, Y. Chen, J. Jiang, and W. Zhang. 2016. “Influence of particle breakage on critical state line of rockfill material.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (1): 04015031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000538.
Xiao, Y., M. Meng, A. Daouadji, Q. Chen, Z. Wu, and X. Jiang. 2020. “Effects of particle size on crushing and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials.” Geosci. Front. 11 (2): 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.10.010.
Yan, W. M., and Y. Shi. 2014. “Evolution of grain grading and characteristics in repeatedly reconstituted assemblages subject to one-dimensional compression.” Géotech. Lett. 4 (3): 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.14.00039.
Yang, H., B. Zhou, and J. Wang. 2019. “Exploring the effect of 3D grain shape on the packing and mechanical behaviour of sands.” Géotech. Lett. 9 (4): 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.18.00227.
Zhang, X., W. Hu, G. Scaring, B. A. Baudet, and W. Han. 2018. “Particle shape factors and fractal dimension after large shear strains in carbonate sand.” Géotech. Lett. 8 (1): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.17.00150.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 11 • November 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 24, 2019
Accepted: Jun 10, 2020
Published online: Aug 27, 2020
Published in print: Nov 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 27, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.