Thermal Conductivity of Sand–Tire Shred Mixtures
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 11
Abstract
Sand–tire shred mixtures are useful as thermal backfills due to their lower unit weight and thermal conductivity than those of most soils. In this study, a series of thermal conductivity tests on sand–tire shred mixtures and pure sand were performed to investigate the effects of volumetric mixing ratio and tire shred particle size. A volumetric mixing ratio of 40% was found to yield the greatest decrease in thermal conductivity from that of pure sand, with a maximum percentage difference of 72%. Using tire shreds with a larger relative size ratio was found to result in higher thermal conductivity, and the maximum variation in the thermal conductivity percentage difference with the relative size ratio reached about 20% at a volumetric mixing ratio of 40%. An empirical model proposed to predict of the thermal conductivity of quartz sand–tire shred mixtures captured trends in the experimental data.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the 111 Project (Grant No. B13024), the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51509024 and 51678094), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 106112017CDJQJ208848), and the Special Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2017T100681). The third author acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CMMI 1230237).
References
Abuel-Naga, H. M., D. T. Bergado, and A. Bouazza. 2008. “Thermal conductivity evolution of saturated clay under consolidation process.” Int. J. Geomech. 8 (2): 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2008)8:2(114).
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM C127. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for determination of thermal conductivity of soil and soft rock by thermal needle probe procedure. ASTM D5334. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bai, Y., and J. M. Niedzwecki. 2014. “Modeling deepwater seabed steady-state thermal fields around buried pipeline including trenching and backfill effects.” Comput. Geotech. 61 (Sep): 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.05.018.
Baser, T., Y. Dong, A. M. Moradi, N. Lu, K. Smits, S. Ge, D. Tartakovsky, and J. S. McCartney. 2018. “Role of nonequilibrium water vapor diffusion in thermal energy storage systems in the vadose zone.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (7): 04018038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001910.
Benson, C. H., and M. A. Olson. 1996. “Temperatures of insulated landfill liner.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1534 (1): 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153400105.
Bosscher, P. J., T. B. Edil, and S. Kuraoka. 1997. “Design of highway embankments using tire chips.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 123 (4): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:4(295).
Brandon, T. L., and J. K. Mitchell. 1989. “Factors influencing thermal resistivity of sands.” J. Geotech. Eng. 115 (12): 1683–1698. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:12(1683).
Chen, S. X. 2008. “Thermal conductivity of sands.” Heat Mass Transfer 44 (10): 1241–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-007-0357-1.
Farouki, O. T. 1981. Thermal properties of soils. CRREL Monograph 81-1. Hanover, Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Ghaaowd, I., J. S. McCartney, S. S. Thielmann, M. J. Sanders, and P. J. Fox. 2017. “Shearing behavior of tire-derived aggregate with large particle size. I: Internal and concrete interface direct shear.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (10): 04017078. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001775.
Han, J., Q. Sun, H. Xing, Y. Zhang, and H. Sun. 2017. “Experimental study on thermophysical properties of clay after high temperature.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 111 (Jan): 847–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.168.
Humphrey, D. N., and R. A. Eaton. 1995. “Field performance of tire chips as subgrade insulation for rural roads.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Low-Volume Roads, 77–86. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Kashani, A., T. Duc, P. Mendis, and J. R. Black. 2017. “A sustainable application of recycled tyre crumbs as insulator in lightweight cellular concrete.” J. Cleaner Prod. 149 (Apr): 925–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.154.
Kömle, N. I., H. Bing, W. J. Feng, R. Wawrzaszek, E. S. Hütter, P. He, W. Marczewski, B. Dabrowski, K. Schröer, and T. Spohn. 2007. “Thermal conductivity measurements of road construction materials in frozen and unfrozen state.” Acta Geotech. 2 (2): 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-007-0032-1.
Ladd, R. S. 1978. “Preparing test specimens using undercompaction.” Geotech. Test. J. 1 (1): 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10364J.
Lee, C., H. S. Suh, B. Yoon, and T. S. Yun. 2017. “Particle shape effect on thermal conductivity and shear wave velocity in sands.” Acta Geotech. 12 (3): 615–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0524-6.
Lee, J., T. S. Yun, and S. U. Choi. 2015. “The effect of particle size on thermal conduction in granular mixtures.” Materials 8 (7): 3975–3991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8073975.
Lee, J. K., and J. Q. Shang. 2013. “Thermal properties of mine tailings and tire crumbs mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.019.
Loveridge, F., and W. Powrie. 2013. “Pile heat exchangers: Thermal behaviour and interactions.” Proc. ICE-Geotech. Eng. 166 (2): 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.11.00042.
McCartney, J. S., I. Ghaaowd, P. J. Fox, M. J. Sanders, S. S. Thielmann, and A. C. Sander. 2017. “Shearing behavior of tire-derived aggregate with large particle size. II: Cyclic simple shear.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (10): 04017079. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001781.
McCartney, J. S., M. Sánchez, and I. Tomac. 2016. “Energy geotechnics: Advances in subsurface energy recovery, storage, exchange, and waste management.” Comput. Geotech. 75 (May): 244–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.01.002.
Noorzad, R., and M. Raveshi. 2017. “Mechanical behavior of waste tire crumbs-sand mixtures determined by triaxial tests.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 35 (4): 1793–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0209-9.
Ocłoń, P., M. Bittelli, P. Cisek, E. Kroener, M. Pilarczyk, D. Taler, R. V. Rao, and A. Vallati. 2016. “The performance analysis of a new thermal backfill material for underground power cable system.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 108 (Sep): 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.102.
Tang, A. M., Y. J. Cui, and T. T. Le. 2008. “A study on the thermal conductivity of compacted bentonites.” Appl. Clay Sci. 41 (3–4): 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2007.11.001.
Wang, Z., F. Wang, Z. Ma, X. Wang, and X. Wu. 2016. “Research of heat and moisture transfer influence on the characteristics of the ground heat pump exchangers in unsaturated soil.” Energy Build. 130 (Oct): 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.08.043.
Xiao, Y., H. L. Liu, B. W. Nan, and J. S. McCartney. 2018. “Gradation-dependent thermal conductivity of sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (9): 06018010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001943.
Xiao, Y., J. Xiang, H. Liu, and Q. Ma. 2017. “Strength-dilatancy relation of sand containing non-plastic fines.” Geotech. Lett. 7 (2): 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.16.00144.
Youwai, S., and D. T. Bergado. 2003. “Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire-sand mixtures.” Can. Geotech. J. 40 (2): 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-104.
Yun, T. S., and J. C. Santamarina. 2008. “Fundamental study of thermal conduction in dry soils.” Granular Matter 10 (3): 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-007-0051-5.
Zhang, N., X. Yu, A. Pradhan, and A. J. Puppala. 2015. “Thermal conductivity of quartz sands by thermo-time domain reflectometry probe and model prediction.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (12): 04015059. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001332.
Zornberg, J. G., A. R. Cabral, and C. Viratjandr. 2004. “Behaviour of tire shred-sand mixtures.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (2): 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-086.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 11 • November 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 18, 2018
Accepted: Jun 2, 2019
Published online: Aug 20, 2019
Published in print: Nov 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jan 20, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.