Statistical Analyses of Model Factors in Reliability-Based Limit-State Design of Drilled Shafts under Axial Loading
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 9
Abstract
This study compiles 320 static-load tests to quantify the model factors in reliability-based limit-state design of drilled shafts under axial loading. At ultimate limit-state, the model factor is defined as the ratio of the measured capacity to the calculated capacity. It characterizes the bias in capacity calculation. The measured capacity is interpreted from load test data by the modified Davisson offset limit, and current design methods are utilized to compute the ultimate axial capacity. The load-displacement data are simulated by two-parameter hyperbolic curves. Based on the database, the statistics and probability distributions of the capacity and load-displacement model factors are established. Several copulas are selected for goodness-of-fit tests on the observed correlation of the hyperbolic model factors. The model factor at serviceability the limit-state is then described by two correlated hyperbolic parameters. Finally, the model statistics are applied to implement the LRFD of drilled shafts under axial loading by Monte Carlo simulations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. 2014. LRFD bridge design specifications. 7th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AbdelSalam, S. S., F. A. Baligh, and H. M. El-Naggar. 2015. “A database to ensure reliability of bored piles in Egypt.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 168 (2): 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.14.00051.
AbdelSalam, S. S., S. Sritharan, M. T. Suleiman, K. W. Ng, and M. J. Roling. 2012. “Development of LRFD design procedures for bridge pile foundations in Iowa.” Vol. 3 of Recommended resistant factors with consideration to construction control and setup. Ames, IA: Institute for Transportation, Iowa State Univ.
Abu-Farsakh, M. Y., Q. M. Chen, and M. N. Haque. 2013. Calibration of resistance factors for drilled shafts for the new FHWA design method. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Transportation Research Center.
Abu-Farsakh, M. Y., S. M. Yoon, and C. Tsai. 2009. Calibration of resistance factors needed in the LRFD design of driven piles. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Transportation Research Center.
Abu-Farsakh, M. Y., X. B. Yu, S. M. Yoon, and C. Tsai. 2010. Calibration of resistance factors needed in the LRFD design of drilled shafts. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Transportation Research Center.
Abu-Hejleh, N. M., M. Y. Abu-Farsakh, M. T. Suleiman, and C. Tsai. 2015. “Development and use of high-quality databases of deep foundation load tests.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2511: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.3141/2511-04.
Akbas, S. O. 2007. “Deterministic and probabilistic assessment of settlements of shallow foundations in cohesionless soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Cornell Univ.
Baecher, G. B. 2017. “Bayesian thinking in geotechnics.” In Proc., Geo-Risk 2017: Keynote Lectures, Geotechnical Special Publication 282, edited by D. Griffiths, G. Fenton, J. S. Huang, and L. M. Zhang, 1–18. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Baecher, G. B., and J. T. Christian. 2003. Reliability and statistics in geotechnical engineering. New York: Wiley.
Basu, D., and R. Salgado. 2012. “Load and resistance factor design of drilled shafts in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (12): 1455–1469. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000714.
Bauduin, C. 2002. “Design of axially loaded compression piles according to Eurocode 7.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Piling and Deep Foundations. Paris: Presses de l’ENPC.
Brown, D. A., J. P. Turner, and R. J. Castelli. 2010. Drilled shafts: Construction procedures and LRFD design methods. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Buildings Department. 2004. Code of practice for foundations. Hong Kong: Buildings Dept.
Canadian Geotechnical Society. 2006. Canadian foundation engineering manual. 4th ed. Québec: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Canadian Standards Association. 2014. Canadian highway bridge design code. Mississauga, ON, Canada: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Carter, J. P., and F. H. Kulhawy. 1988. Analysis and design of drilled shaft foundations socketed into rock. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Casagrande, A. 1965. “Role of the calculated risk in earth work and foundation engineering.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 91 (4): 1–40.
Chakraborty, T., R. Salgado, P. Basu, and M. Prezzi. 2013. “Shaft capacity of drilled shafts in clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (4): 548–563. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000803.
Chen, Y. J., H. W. Chang, and F. H. Kulhawy. 2008. “Evaluation of uplift interpretation criteria for drilled shaft capacity.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (10): 1459–1468. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:10(1459).
Chen, Y. J., and T. H. Chu. 2012. “Evaluation of uplift interpretation criteria for drilled shafts in gravelly soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 49 (1): 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-080.
Chen, Y. J., and Y. C. Fang. 2009. “Critical evaluation of compression interpretation criteria for drilled shafts.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (8): 1056–1069. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000027.
Chen, Y. J., and F. H. Kulhawy. 1994. Case history evaluation of behavior of drilled shafts under axial and lateral loading. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Chen, Y. J., and F. H. Kulhawy. 2002. “Evaluation of drained axial capacity for drilled shafts.” In Proc., Deep Foundations 2002, Geotechnical Special Publication 116, edited by M. W. O’Neill, and F. C. Townsend, 1200–1214. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Chen, Y. J., M. R. Liao, S. S. Lin, J. K. Huang, and M. C. Marcos. 2014. “Development of an integrated web-based system with a pile load test database and pre-analyzed data.” Geomech. Eng. 7 (1): 37–53. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.1.037.
Ching, J. Y., and J. R. Chen. 2010. “Predicting displacement of augered cast-in-place piles based on load test database.” Struct. Saf. 32 (6): 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2010.04.007.
Ching, J. Y., and K. K. Phoon. Forthcomina. “Measuring similarity between site-specific data and records in a geotechnical database.” ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst. Part A Civ. Eng.
Ching, J. Y., and K. K. Phoon. 2012. “Modeling parameters of structured clays as a multivariate normal distribution.” Can. Geotech. J. 49 (5): 522–545. https://doi.org/10.1139/t2012-015.
Ching, J. Y., K. K. Phoon, and Y. C. Chen. 2010. “Reducing shear strength uncertainties in clays by multivariate correlations.” Can. Geotech. J. 47 (1): 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-074.
Davisson, M. T. 1972. “High capacity piles.” In Proc., Lecture Series on Innovations in Foundation Construction. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Davisson, M. T. 1993. “Negative skin friction in piles and design decisions.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, 1793–1801. St. Louis: Univ. of Missouri-Rolla.
Dithinde, M., K. K. Phoon, M. D. Wet, and J. V. Retief. 2011. “Characterization of model uncertainty in the static pile design formula.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 137 (1): 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000401.
Duncan, J. M. 2000. “Factors of safety and reliability in geotechnical engineering.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 126 (4): 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:4(307).
Fellenius, B. H. 2018. “Basics of foundation design.” Revised edition. Accessed October 3, 2017. www.fellenius.net.
Fenton, G. A., and D. V. Griffiths. 2008. Risk assessment in geotechnical engineering. New York: Wiley.
Fenton, G. A., F. Naghibi, D. Dundas, R. J. Bathurst, and D. V. Griffiths. 2016. “Reliability-based geotechnical design in 2014 Canadian highway bridge design code.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (2): 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0158.
Garder, J. A., K. W. Ng, S. Sritharan, and M. J. Roling. 2012. Development of a database for drilled shaft foundation testing (DSHAFT). Ames, IA: Institute for Transportation, Iowa State Univ.
Goh, A. T. C., F. H. Kulhawy, and C. G. Chua. 2005. “Bayesian neural network analysis of undrained side resistance of drilled shafts.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (1): 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(84).
Haque, M. N., and M. Y. Abu-Farsakh. 2018. “Estimation of pile setup and incorporation of resistance factor in load and resistance factor design framework.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (11): 04018077. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001959.
Hasan, M. R., X. Yu, and M. Abu-Farsakh. 2018. “Extrapolation error analysis of bi-directional load-settlement curves for LRFD calibration of drilled shafts.” In Installation, Testing, and Analysis of Deep Foundations, Geotechnical Special Publication 294, edited by M. T. Suleiman, A. Lemnitzer, and A. W. Stuedlein, 331–340. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Hirany, A., and F. H. Kulhawy. 2002. “On the interpretation of drilled foundation load test results.” In Deep Foundations 2002, Geotechnical Special Publication 116, edited by M. O’Neill, and F. Townsend, 1018–1028. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Honjo, Y., and O. Kusakabe. 2002. “Proposal of a comprehensive foundation design code: Geo-code 21 ver. 2.” In Proc., Int. Workshop on Foundation Design Codes and Soil Investigation in View of Int. Harmonization and Performance Based Design, 95–103. Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Huffman, J. C., J. P. Martin, and A. W. Stuedlein. 2016. “Calibration and assessment of reliability-based serviceability limit state procedures for foundation engineering.” Georisk Assess. Manage. Risk Eng. Syst. Geohazards 10 (4): 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2016.1183797.
Huffman, J. C., A. W. Strahler, and A. W. Stuedlein. 2015. “Reliability-based serviceability limit state design for immediate settlement of spread footings on clay.” Soils Found. 55 (4): 798–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.012.
Huffman, J. C., and A. W. Stuedlein. 2014. “Reliability-based serviceability limit state design of spread footings on aggregate pier reinforced clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (10): 04014055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001156.
ICC (International Code Council). 2018. International building code. Washington, DC: ICC.
ISO. 2015. General principles on reliability of structures. ISO 2394. Geneva: ISO.
Jamiolkowski, M. 2003. “Soil parameters relevant to bored pile design from laboratory and in-situ tests.” In Proc., 4th Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, 83–100. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Millpress.
JCSS (Joint Committee on Structural Safety). 2001. Probabilistic model code. Shanghai, China: JCSS.
Juang, C. H., and J. Zhang. 2017. “Bayesian methods for geotechnical applications-a practical guide.” In Proc., Geo-Risk 2017: Geotechnical Safety and Reliability: Honoring Wilson H. Tang, Geotechnical Special Publication 286, edited by C. H. Juang, R. B. Gilbert, L. M. Zhang, J. Zhang, and L. L. Zhang, 215–246. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kulhawy, F. H. 2010. “Uncertainty, reliability, and foundation engineering: The 5th Peter Lumb lecture.” HKIE Trans. 17 (3): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023697X.2010.10668200.
Kulhawy, F. H., and J. R. Chen. 2005. “Axial compression behavior of augered cast-in-place piles in cohesionless soils.” In Proc., Geo-Frontiers 2005: Advances in Deep Foundations, Geotechnical Special Publication 132, edited by C. Vipulanandan, and F. C. Townsend, 1–15. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kulhawy, F. H., and J. R. Chen. 2007. “Discussion of ‘Drilled Shaft Side Resistance in Gravelly Soils’ by Kyle M. Rollins, Robert J. Clayton, Rodney C. Mikesell, and Bradford C. Blaise.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (10): 1325–1328. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:10(1325).
Kulhawy, F. H., and C. S. Jackson. 1989. “Some observations on undrained side resistance of CIDH piles.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., Foundation Engineering: Current Principles and Practices, 1011–1025. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kulhawy, F. H., and K. K. Phoon. 2006. “Some critical issues in Geo-RBD calibrations for foundations.” In Proc., GeoCongress 2006: Geotechnical Engineering in the Information Technology Age, edited by D. J. DeGroot, J. T. DeJong, D. Frost, and L. G. Baise, 1–6. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kulhawy, F. H., and K. K. Phoon. 2009. “Geo-RBD for foundations– let’s do it right!” In Int. Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo: Contemporary Topics in in-situ Testing, Analysis, and Reliability of Foundations, Geotechnical Special Publication 186, edited by M. Iskander, D. F. Laefer, and M. H. Hussein, 442–449. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kuo, C. L., M. McVay, and B. Birgisson. 2002. “Calibration of load and resistance factor design: Resistance factors for drilled shaft design.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1808: 108–111. https://doi.org/10.3141/1808-12.
Kyfor, Z. G., A. R. Schnore, T. A. Carlo, and P. F. Baily. 1992. Static testing of deep foundations. New York: New York State Dept. of Transportation.
Lambe, T. W. 1973. “Predictions in soil engineering.” Géotechnique 23 (2): 149–202. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1973.23.2.151.
Lesny, K. 2017. “Evaluation and consideration of model uncertainties in reliability based design.” Chap. 2 in Proc., Joint ISSMGE TC 205/TC 304 Working Group on Discussion of Statistical/Reliability Methods for Eurocodes. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Li, D. Q., X. S. Tang, K. K. Phoon, Y. F. Chen, and C. B. Zhou. 2013. “Bivariate simulation using copula and its application to probabilistic pile settlement analysis.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 37 (6): 597–617. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1112.
Li, J., P. Hu, M. Uzielli, and M. J. Cassidy. 2018. “Bayesian prediction of peak resistance of a spudcan penetrating sand-over-clay.” Géotechnique 68 (10): 905–917. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.P.154.
Lin, S. S., M. C. M. Marcos, H. W. Chang, and Y. J. Chen. 2012. “Design and implementation of a drilled shaft load test database.” Comput. Geotech. 41: 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.12.001.
Machairas, N. P., and M. G. Iskander. 2018. “An investigation of pile design utilizing advanced data analytics.” In Proc., Installation, Testing, and Analysis of Deep Foundations, Geotechnical Special Publication 294, edited by M. T. Suleiman, A. Lemnitzer, and A. W. Stuedlein, 132–141. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Mayne, P. W. 2007. Cone penetration testing. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
McVay, M. C., S. J. Wasman, L. Huang, and S. Crawford. 2016. Load and resistance factor design resistance factors for augercast in place piles. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Dept. of Transportation.
Misra, A., and L. A. Roberts. 2009. “Service limit state resistance factors for drilled shafts.” Géotechnique 59 (1): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.3605.
Moghaddam, R. B. 2016. “Evaluation of the TxDOT Texas cone penetration test and foundation design method including correlation factors, allowable total capacity, and resistance factors at serviceability limit state.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech Univ.
Motamed, R., S. Elfass, and K. Stanton. 2016. LRFD resistance factor calibration for axially loaded drilled shafts in the Las Vegas valley. Carson City, NV: Nevada Dept. of Transportation.
Najjar, S. S., E. Shammas, and M. Saad. 2014. “Updated normalized load-settlement model for full-scale footings on granular soils.” Georisk: Asses. Manage. Risk Eng. Syst. Geohazards 8 (1): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2013.836419.
Najjar, S. S., E. Shammas, and M. Saad. 2017. “A reliability-based approach to the serviceability limit state design of spread footings on granular soil.” In Proc., Geotechnical Safety and Reliability: Honoring Wilson H. Tang, Geotechnical Special Publication 286, edited by C. H. Juang, R. B. Gilbert, L. M. Zhang, J. Zhang, and L. L. Zhang, 185–202. Reston, VA: ASCE.
NeSmith, V. M., and T. C. Siegel. 2009. “Shortcomings of the Davisson offset limit applied to axial compressive load tests on cast-in-place piles.” In Proc., 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo, Geotechnical Special Publication 185, 568–574. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Ng, C. W. W., T. L. Y. Yau, J. H. M. Li, and W. H. Tang. 2001. “New failure load criterion for large diameter bored piles in weathered geomaterials.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (6): 488–498. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:6(488).
Ng, K. W., S. Sritharan, and J. C. Ashlock. 2014. Development of preliminary load and resistance factor design of drilled shafts in Iowa. Ames, IA: Institute for Transportation, Iowa State Univ.
Ng, T. T., and S. Fazia. 2012. Development and validation of a unified equation for drilled shaft foundation design in New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Dept. of Transportation.
Niazi, F. S. 2014. “Static axial pile foundation response using seismic piezocone data.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
O’Neill, M. W., and L. C. Reese. 1999. Drilled shafts: Construction procedure and design methods. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Orr, T. L. L., and E. R. Farrell. 1999. Geotechnical design to Eurocode 7. London: Springer.
Paikowsky, S., and Y. Lu. 2006. “Establishing serviceability limit state in design of bridge foundations.” In Proc., Foundation Analysis and Design: Innovative Methods, Geotechnical Special Publication 153, edited by R. L. Parsons, L. M. Zhang, W. D. Guo, K. K. Phoon, and M. Yang, 49–58. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Paikowsky, S. G., et al. 2004. Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for deep foundations. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Paikowsky, S. G., M. C. Canniff, K. Lesny, A. Kisse, S. Amatya, and R. Muganga. 2010. LRFD design and construction of shallow foundations for highway bridge structures. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Paikowsky, S. G., and T. A. Tolosko. 1999. Extrapolation of pile capacity from non-failed load tests. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Phoon, K. K. 2008. Reliability-based design in geotechnical engineering: Computations and applications. London: Taylor & Francis.
Phoon, K. K. 2016. “Reliability of geotechnical structures.” In Proc., 15th Asian Regional Conf. Soil Mech. Geotech. Eng., 1–9. Tokyo: Japanese Geotechnical Society.
Phoon, K. K. 2017. “Role of reliability calculations in geotechnical design.” Georisk Assess. Manage. Risk Eng. Syst. Geohazards 11 (1): 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2016.1265653.
Phoon, K. K., J. R. Chen, and F. H. Kulhawy. 2006. “Characterization of model uncertainties for augered cast-in-place (ACIP) piles under axial compression.” In Proc., Foundation Analysis and Design: Innovative Methods, Geotechnical Special Publication 153, 82–89. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Phoon, K. K., J. R. Chen, and F. H. Kulhawy. 2007. “Probabilistic hyperbolic models for foundation uplift movements.” In Probabilistic Applications in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication 170. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Phoon, K. K., and J. Y. Ching. 2014. Risk and reliability in geotechnical engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Phoon, K. K., and F. H. Kulhawy. 1999. “Characterization of geotechnical variability.” Can. Geotech. J. 36 (4): 612–624. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-36-4-612.
Phoon, K. K., and F. H. Kulhawy. 2005. “Characterization of model uncertainties for laterally loaded rigid drilled shafts.” Géotechnique 55 (1): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.1.45.
Phoon, K. K., and F. H. Kulhawy. 2008. “Serviceability limit state reliability-based design.” Chap. 9 in Reliability-based design in geotechnical engineering: Computations and applications, edited by K. K. Phoon, 344–384. London: Taylor & Francis.
Phoon, K. K., F. H. Kulhawy, and M. D. Grigoriu. 1995. Reliability-based design of foundations for transmission line structures. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Phoon, K. K., and J. V. Retief. 2016. Reliability of Geotechnical Structures in ISO 2394. Leiden, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Phoon, K. K., J. V. Retief, J. Y. Ching, M. Dithinde, T. Schweckendiek, Y. Wang, and L. M. Zhang. 2016. “Some observations on ISO 2394:2015 Annex D (Reliability of Geotechnical Structures).” Struct. Saf. 62: 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2016.05.003.
Phoon, K. K., and C. Tang. 2019. “Characterization of geotechnical model uncertainty.” Georisk Assess. Manage. Risk Eng. Syst. Geohazards 13 (2): 101–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2019.1585545.
Qian, Z. Z., X. Lu, X. Han, and R. Tong. 2015. “Interpretation of uplift load tests on belled piers in gobi gravel.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (7): 992–998. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0075.
Qian, Z. Z., X. Lu, and W. Yang. 2014. “Axial uplift behavior of drilled shafts in gobi gravel.” Geotech. Test. J. 37 (2): 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20130083.
Reddy, S. C., and A. W. Stuedlein. 2017a. “Serviceability limit state reliability-based design of augered cast-in-place piles in granular soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 54 (12): 1704–1715. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0146.
Reddy, S. C., and A. W. Stuedlein. 2017b. “Ultimate limit state reliability-based design of augered cast-in-place piles considering lower-bound capacities.” Can. Geotech. J. 54 (12): 1693–1703. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0145.
Reese, L. C., and M. W. O’Neill. 1988. Drilled shaft: Construction procedures and design methods. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Reese, L. C., and S. J. Wright. 1977. Drilled shaft manual-volume I: Construction procedures and design for axial loading. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas.
Rollins, K. M., R. J. Clayton, R. C. Mikesell, and B. C. Blaise. 2005. “Drilled shaft side friction in gravelly soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (8): 987–1003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:8(987).
Sadegh, M., E. Ragno, and A. Aghakouchak. 2017. “Multivariate copula analysis toolbox (MvCAT): Describing dependence and underlying uncertainty using a Bayesian framework.” Water Resour. Res. 53 (6): 5166–5183. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020242.
Salgado, R. 2008. The engineering of foundations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Salgado, R., S. I. Woo, and D. Kim. 2011. Development of load and resistance factor design for ultimate and serviceability limit states of transportation structure foundations. Indianapolis: Indiana Dept. of Transportation.
Seo, H. Y., R. B. Moghaddam, J. G. Surles, and W. D. Lawson. 2015. Implementation of LRFD geotechnical design for deep foundations using Texas cone penetrometer (TCP) test. Austin, TX: Texas Dept. of Transportation.
Skempton, A. W. 1959. “Cast in-situ bored piles in London clay.” Géotechnique 9 (2): 91–125. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1959.9.4.153.
Stuedlein, A. W., W. J. Neely, and T. M. Gurtowski. 2012. “Reliability-based design of augered cast-in-place piles in granular soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (6): 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000635.
Stuedlein, A. W., and S. C. Reddy. 2013. “Factors affecting the reliability of augered cast-in-place piles in granular soils at the serviceability limit state.” J. Deep Found. Inst. 7 (2): 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1179/dfi.2013.7.2.004.
Stuedlein, A. W., S. C. Reddy, and T. M. Evans. 2014. “Interpretation of augered cast in place pile capacity using static load tests.” J. Deep Found. Inst. 8 (1): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1179/1937525514Y.0000000003.
Stuedlein, A. W., and M. Uzielli. 2014. “Serviceability limit state design for uplift of helical anchors in clay.” Geomech. Geoeng. 9 (3): 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2013.857049.
Tang, C., and K. K. Phoon. 2016. “Model uncertainty of cylindrical shear method for calculating the uplift capacity of helical anchors in clay.” Eng. Geol. 207: 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.009.
Tang, C., and K. K. Phoon. 2017. “Model uncertainty of Eurocode 7 approach for bearing capacity of circular footings on dense sand.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (3): 04016069. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000737.
Tang, C., and K. K. Phoon. 2018a. “Characterization of model uncertainty in predicting axial resistance of piles driven into clay.” Can. Geotech. J. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0386.
Tang, C., and K. K. Phoon. 2018b. “Evaluation of model uncertainties in reliability-based design of steel H-piles in axial compression.” Can. Geotech. J. 55 (11): 1513–1532. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0170.
Tang, C., and K. K. Phoon. 2018c. “Statistics of model factors and consideration in reliability-based design of axially loaded helical piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144 (8): 04018050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001894.
Tang, C., and K. K. Phoon. 2018d. “Statistics of model factors in reliability-based design of axially loaded driven piles in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 55 (11): 1592–1610. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0542.
Tang, C., K. K. Phoon, and S. O. Akbas. 2017b. “Model uncertainties for the static design of square foundations on sand under axial compression.” In Proc., Geo-Risk 2017: Reliability-Based Design and Code Developments, Geotechnical Special Publication 283, edited by J. S. Huang, G. A. Fenton, L. M. Zhang, and D. V. Griffiths, 141–150. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Tang, C., K. K. Phoon, L. Zhang, and D. Q. Li. 2017a. “Model uncertainty for predicting the bearing capacity of sand overlying clay.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (7): 04017015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000898.
Teixeira, A., Y. Honjo, A. Correia, and A. Henriques. 2012. “Sensitivity analysis of vertically loaded pile reliability.” Soils Found. 52 (6): 1118–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.11.025.
Uzielli, M., and P. Mayne. 2011. “Serviceability limit state CPT-based design for vertically loaded shallow footings on sand.” Geomech. Geoeng. 6 (2): 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2010.531146.
Vu, T., and E. Loehr. 2017. “Service limit state design for individual drilled shafts in shale.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (12): 04017091. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001791.
Wang, Y., and F. H. Kulhawy. 2008. “Reliability index for serviceability limit state of building foundations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (11): 1587–1594. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:11(1587).
Whitman, R. V. 1984. “Evaluating calculated risk in geotechnical engineering.” J. Geotech. Eng. 110 (2): 145–188. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1984)110:2(143).
Wysockey, M. H. 1999. “Axial capacity of drilled shafts.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Yang, X., J. Han, and R. L. Parson. 2010. Development of recommended resistance factors for drilled shafts in weak rocks based on o-cell tests. Topeka, CA: Kansas Dept. of Transportation.
Zhang, J., L. M. Zhang, and W. H. Tang. 2009. “Bayesian framework for characterizing geotechnical model uncertainty.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (7): 932–940. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000018.
Zhang, L. M., and L. F. Chu. 2009a. “Calibration of methods for designing large-diameter bored piles: Serviceability limit state.” Soils Found. 49 (6): 897–908. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.49.897.
Zhang, L. M., and L. F. Chu. 2009b. “Calibration of methods for designing large-diameter bored piles: Ultimate limit state.” Soils Found. 49 (6): 883–895. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.49.883.
Zhang, L. M., and L. F. Chu. 2009c. “Development of partial factors for serviceability limit state design of large-diameter bored piles.” HKIE Trans. 16 (4): 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023697X.2009.10668172.
Zhang, L. M., and A. M. Y. Ng. 2005. “Probabilistic limiting tolerable displacements for serviceability limit state design of foundations.” Géotechnique 55 (2): 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.2.151.
Zhang, L. M., Y. Xu, and W. H. Tang. 2008. “Calibration of models for pile settlement analysis using 64 field load tests.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (1): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-077.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 9 • September 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 8, 2018
Accepted: Feb 5, 2019
Published online: Jun 27, 2019
Published in print: Sep 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Nov 27, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.