Effect of Partial Drainage on Cyclic Strengths of Saturated Sands in Dynamic Centrifuge Tests
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 11
Abstract
The effects of partial drainage on the cyclic strength of saturated sand in a set of dynamic centrifuge model tests were evaluated. Three models of level profiles of saturated Ottawa F-65 sand with initial relative densities of 25%, 43%, and 80% were tested using a 9-m-radius centrifuge. Models were subjected to multiple sinusoidal shaking events with acceleration amplitudes ranging from to . The cyclic resistance ratios (CRR) obtained from inverse analyses of dense accelerometer and pore pressure transducer arrays were correlated with cone penetration resistances () from in-flight cone penetration tests. Time histories of volumetric strain and surface settlement due to partial drainage were determined by inverse analyses of the array data and compared with measured surface settlements. The effect of volumetric strain on cyclic strength is examined through single-element simulations using the constitutive model PM4Sand version 3. Results of these simulations are compared to prior laboratory and numerical studies investigating the effect of partial saturation on cyclic strength. The magnitude of the volumetric strains developed in the centrifuge models due to partial drainage and their effects on the centrifuge correlation are examined.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant Nos. CMMI-1300518 and CMMI-1635398. Operation of the centrifuge facility at the University of California at Davis was supported as part of the Natural Hazards and Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) network under NSF Award No. CMMI-1520581. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors appreciate the assistance of the staff of the Center for Geotechnical Modeling at UC Davis.
References
Abdoun, T., M. A. Gonzalez, S. Thevanayagam, and R. Dobry. 2013. “Centrifuge and large-scale modeling of seismic pore pressures in sands: Cyclic strain interpretation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (8): 1215–1234. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000821.
Alarcon-Guzman, A., J. L. Chameau, G. A. Leonards, and J. D. Frost. 1989. “Shear modulus and cyclic strength behavior of sands.” Soils Found. 29 (4): 105–119.
Arulanandan, K., and J. Sybico, Jr. 1992. “Post-liquefaction settlement of sand.” In Proc., Wroth Memorial Symp. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ.
Balakrishnan, A. 2000. “Liquefaction remediation at a bridge site.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Boulanger, R. W., and I. M. Idriss. 2015. “CPT-based liquefaction triggering procedure.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (2): 04015065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001388.
Boulanger, R. W., M. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, and D. W. Wilson. 2017. “Remediation of liquefaction effects for an embankment using soil-cement walls: Centrifuge and numerical modeling.” In Proc., Performance-Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, edited by M. Taiebat, et al. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Boulanger, R. W., and K. Ziotopoulou. 2017. PM4Sand (version 3.1): A sand plasticity model for earthquake engineering applications. Davis, CA: Univ. of California.
Darby, K. M., R. W. Boulanger, and J. T. DeJong. 2018a. “Volumetric strains from inverse analysis of pore pressure transducer arrays in centrifuge models.” In Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V, edited by S. J. Brandenberg and M. T. Manzari, 626–636. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Darby, K. M., R. W. Boulanger, J. T. DeJong, and J. D. Bronner. 2018b. “Progressive changes in liquefaction and cone penetration resistance across multiple shaking events in centrifuge tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 45 (3): 04018112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001995.
Ghayoomi, M., J. S. McCartney, and H.-Y. Ko. 2013. “Empirical methodology to estimate seismically induced settlement of partially saturated sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (3): 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000774.
Howell, R., E. M. Rathje, R. Kamai, and R. W. Boulanger. 2012. “Centrifuge modeling of prefabricated vertical drains for liquefaction remediation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (3): 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000604.
Itasca. 2016. FLAC: Fast lagrangian analysis of continua: User’s guide: Version 8.0. Minneapolis: Itasca Consulting Group.
Jafarzadeh, F., and E. Yanagisawa. 1995. “Settlement of sand models under unidirectional shaking.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, edited by K. Ishihara, 693–698. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Kamai, R., and R. W. Boulanger. 2010. “Characterizing localization processes during liquefaction using inverse analyses of instrumentation arrays.” In Meso-scale shear physics in earthquake and landslide mechanics, edited by Y. H. Hatzor, J. Sulem, and I. Vardoulakis, 219–238. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kamai, R., and R. W. Boulanger. 2012. “Single-element simulations of partial-drainage effects under monotonic and cyclic loading.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 35 (Apr): 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.10.002.
Kokusho, T. 2003. “Current state of research on flow failure considering void redistribution in liquefied deposits.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 23 (7): 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(03)00067-8.
Kulasingam, R., E. J. Malvick, R. W. Boulanger, and B. L. Kutter. 2004. “Strength loss and localization at silt interlayers in slopes of liquefied sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (11): 1192–1202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:11(1192).
Kutter, B. L., J.-C. Chou, and T. Travasarou. 2008. “Centrifuge testing of the seismic performance of a submerged cut-and-cover tunnel in liquefiable soil.” In Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Malvick, E. J., B. L. Kutter, and R. W. Boulanger. 2008. “Postshaking shear strain localization in a centrifuge model of a saturated sand slope.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (2): 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:2(164).
Malvick, E. J., B. L. Kutter, R. W. Boulanger, and R. Kulasingam. 2006. “Shear localization due to liquefaction-induced void redistribution in a layered infinite slope.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (10): 1293–1303. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:10(1293).
Morteza, M., and M. Ghayoomi. 2017. “Centrifuge tests to assess seismic site response of partially saturated sand layers.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 94 (Mar): 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.01.024.
Mulilis, J. P., H. B. Seed, C. K. Chan, J. K. Mitchell, and K. Arulanandan. 1977. “Effect of sample preparation on sand liquefaction.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 103 (2): 91–108.
NRC (National Research Council). 1985. Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Okamura, M., F. Nelson, and S. Watanabe. 2019. “Effect of pre-shaking on liquefaction resistance of sands with different initial fabrics.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 124 (Sep): 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.046.
Okamura, M., and Y. Soga. 2006. “Effects of pore fluid compressibility on liquefaction resistance of partially saturated sand.” Soils Found. 46 (5): 695–700. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.46.695.
Parra Bastidas, A. M., R. W. Boulanger, T. J. Carey, and J. T. DeJong. 2016. “Ottawa F-65 sand data from Ana Maria Parra Bastidas.” Accessed November 18, 2016. https://datacenterhub.org/resources/14288.
Seed, H. B., I. M. Idriss, F. Makdisi, and N. Banerjee. 1975. Representation of irregular stress time histories by equivalent uniform stress series in liquefaction analyses. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Taiebat, M., H. Shahir, and A. Pak. 2007. “Study of pore pressure variation during liquefaction using two constitutive models for sand.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 27 (1): 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.03.004.
Whitman, R. V. 1985. “On liquefaction.” In Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1923–1926. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Yoshimi, Y., K. Tanaka, and K. Tokimatsu. 1989. “Liquefaction resistance of a partially saturated sand.” Soils Found. 29 (3): 157–162. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.3_157.
Zhang, B., K. K. Muraleetharan, and C. Liu. 2016. “Liquefaction of unsaturated sands.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (6): D4015002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000605.
Ziotopoulou, K., and R. W. Boulanger. 2016. “Plasticity modeling of liquefaction effects under sloping ground and irregular cyclic loading conditions.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 84 (May): 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.02.013.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 11 • November 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 20, 2018
Accepted: Feb 5, 2019
Published online: Aug 19, 2019
Published in print: Nov 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jan 19, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.