Axisymmetric Simulations of Cone Penetration in Saturated Clay
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 4
Abstract
A direct axisymmetric cone-penetration model developed for use with a user-written implementation of the MIT-S1 constitutive model is presented. The penetration model uses a finite-difference program with an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian algorithm that couples the program’s large-deformation Lagrangian formulation with user-written algorithms for rezoning and second-order Eulerian advection remapping. Numerical examples illustrate the performance of the remapping and advection algorithms and cone-penetration simulations. Cone penetration at a Boston blue clay site is simulated with the Mohr-Coulomb, modified Cam clay, and MIT-S1 constitutive models and compared with measured cone-penetration test profiles. Single-element simulations illustrate that the MIT-S1 constitutive model captures the significant undrained shear-strength anisotropy exhibited by Boston blue clay, whereas the modified Cam clay and Mohr-Coulomb models do not. Penetration simulations demonstrate the important effect of undrained shear-strength anisotropy on the cone tip resistance, as well as on stress and pore pressure fields around the cone tip and rod.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the financial support of the National Science Foundation (Award CMMI-1300518) and the California Department of Water Resources (Contract 4600009751). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of either agency.
References
Abu-Farsakh, M. Y., M. T. Tumay, and G. Z. Voyiadjis. 2003. “Numerical parametric study of piezocone penetration test in clays.” Int. J. Geomech. 3 (2): 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2003)3:2(170).
Abu-Farsakh, M. Y., G. Z. Voyiadjis, and M. T. Tumay. 1998. “Numerical analysis of the miniature piezocone penetration tests (PCPT) in cohesive soils.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 22 (10): 791–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(1998100)22:10%3C791::AID-NAG941%3E3.0.CO;2-6.
Ahmadi, M. M., and P. K. Robertson. 2005. “Thin-layer effects on the CPT QC measurement.” Can. Geotech. J. 42 (5): 1302–1317. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-036.
Aubram, D., F. Rackwitz, P. Wriggers, and S. A. Savidis. 2015. “An ALE method for penetration into sand utilizing optimization-based mesh motion.” Comput. Geotech. 65 (Apr): 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.12.012.
Baligh, M. M. 1985. “Strain path method.” J. Geotech. Eng. 111 (9): 1108–1136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:9(1108).
Chai, J., D. Sheng, J. P. Carter, and H. Zhu. 2012. “Coefficient of consolidation from non-standard piezocone dissipation curves.” Comput. Geotech. 41: 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.11.005.
Colella, P. 1990. “Multidimensional upwind methods for hyperbolic conservation laws.” J. Comput. Phys. 87 (1): 171–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(90)90233-Q.
Dukowicz, J. K., and J. W. Kodis. 1987. “Accurate conservative remapping (rezoning) for Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian computations.” Int. J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 8 (3): 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1137/0908037.
Estabrook, A. H. 1991. “Comparison of recompression and SHANSEP strength-deformation properties of undisturbed Boston blue clay from automated triaxial testing.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Fayad, P. H. 1986. “Aspects of the volumetric and undrained behaviour of Boston blue clay.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Fleming, K., A. Weltman, M. Randolph, and K. Elson. 2009. Piling engineering. 3rd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Huang, W., D. Sheng, S. W. Sloan, and H. S. Yu. 2004. “Finite element analysis of cone penetration in cohesionless soil.” Comput. Geotech. 31 (7): 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2004.09.001.
Itasca. 2016. FLAC–Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, Version 8.0. Minneapolis: Itasca Consulting Group.
Jaeger, R. A. 2012. “Numerical and experimental study on cone penetration in sands and intermediate soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis.
Kouretzis, G. P., D. Sheng, and D. Wang. 2014. “Numerical simulation of cone penetration testing using a new critical state constitutive model for sand.” Comput. Geotech. 56 (Mar): 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.11.002.
Kulhawy, F. H., and P. W. Mayne. 1990. Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ.
Ladd, C. C., and L. Edgers. 1972. Consolidated-undrained direct simple shear tests on Boston blue clay. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ladd, C. C., and J. Varallyay. 1965. The influence of stress system on the behaviour of saturated clays during undrained shear. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Landon, M. M. 2007. “Development of a non-destructive sample quality assessment method for soft clays.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst.
Liyanapathirana, D. S. 2009. “Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian based finite element analysis of cone penetration in soft clay.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (5): 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.01.006.
Liyanapathirana, D. S., A. J. Deeks, and M. F. Randolph. 2000. “Numerical modelling of large deformations associated with driving of open-ended piles.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 24 (14): 1079–1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9853(20001210)24:14%3C1079::AID-NAG113%3E3.0.CO;2-E.
Lu, Q., M. F. Randolph, Y. Hu, and I. C. Bugarski. 2004. “A numerical study of cone penetration in clay.” Geotechnique 54 (4): 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.4.257.
Lunne, T., M. Long, and C. F. Forsberg. 2003. “Characterisation and engineering properties of Onsoy clay.” Vol. 1 of Characterisation and engineering properties of natural soils, edited by T. S. Tan, K. K. Phoon, D. W. Hight, and S. Leroueil, 395–427. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema.
Mahmoodzadeh, H., M. F. Randolph, and D. Wang. 2014. “Numerical simulation of piezocone dissipation test in clays.” Geotechnique 64 (8): 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.P.011.
Marti, J., and P. A. Cundall. 1982. “Mixed discretization procedure for accurate solution of plasticity problems.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 6 (1): 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610060109.
Matsuoka, H., and T. Nakai. 1974. “Stress-deformation and strength characteristics of soil under three different principal stresses.” In Vol. 232 of Proc., Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 59–70. Tokyo: Japan Society of Civil Engineers.
Moug, D. M. 2017. “Axisymmetric cone penetration model for sands and clays.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis.
Niemunis, A., and I. Herle. 1997. “Hypoplastic model for cohesionless soils with elastic strain range.” Mech. Cohesive-Frictional Mater. 2 (4): 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(199710)2:4%3C279::AID-CFM29%3E3.0.CO;2-8.
Pember, R. B., and R. W. Anderson. 2001. “Comparison of direct Eulerian Godunov and Lagrange plus remap artificial viscosity schemes.” In Proc., 15th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., 1–11. Anaheim, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Pestana, J. M., and A. J. Whittle. 1999. “Formulation of a unified constitutive model for clays and sands.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 23 (12): 1215–1243. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199910)23:12%3C1215::AID-NAG29%3E3.0.CO;2-F.
Pestana, J. M., A. J. Whittle, and A. Gens. 2002. “Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands. Part II: Clay behaviour.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 26 (11): 1123–1146. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.238.
Randolph, M. F., J. P. Carter, and C. P. Wroth. 1979. “Drive piles in clay—The effects of installation and subsequent consolidation.” Geotechnique 29 (4): 361–393. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1979.29.4.361.
Seah, T. H. 1990. “Anisotropy of normally consolidated Boston blue clay.” Sc.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Schneider, J. A., M. F. Randolph, P. W. Mayne, and N. R. Ramsey. 2008. “Analysis of factors influencing soil classification using normalized piezocone tip resistance and pore pressure parameters.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 134 (11): 1569–1586. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:11(1569).
Sheahan, T. C. 1991. “An experimental study of the time-dependent undrained shear behaviour of resedimented clay using automated stress path triaxial equipment.” Sc.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Su, S. F., and H. J. Liao. 2002. “Influence of strength anisotropy on piezocone resistance in clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 128 (2): 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:2(166).
Susila, E., and R. D. Hryciw. 2003. “Large displacement FEM modelling of the cone penetration test (CPT) in normally consolidated soil.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 27 (7): 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.287.
Teh, C. I., and G. T. Houlsby. 1991. “An analytical study of the cone penetration test in clay.” Geotechnique 41 (1): 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1991.41.1.17.
Tolooiyan, A., and K. Gavin. 2011. “Modelling the cone penetration test in sand using cavity expansion and Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian finite element methods.” Comput. Geotech. 38 (4): 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.02.012.
van den Berg, P., R. De Borst, and H. Huetink. 1996. “An Eulerian finite element model for penetration in layered soil.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 20 (12): 865–886. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199612)20:12%3C865::AID-NAG854%3E3.0.CO;2-A.
van Leer, B. 1979. “Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. V. A second-order sequel to Godunov’s method.” J. Comput. Phys. 32 (1): 101–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(79)90145-1.
van Leer, B. 1977. “Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme III. Upstream-centered finite-difference schemes for ideal compressible flow.” J. Comput. Phys. 23: 263–275.
Walker, J., and H. S. Yu. 2006. “Adaptive finite element analysis of cone penetration in clay.” Acta Geotech. 1 (1): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-006-0005-9.
Walker, J., and H. S. Yu. 2010. “Analysis of the cone penetration test in layered clay.” Geotechnique 60 (12): 939–948. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00153.
Wang, D., B. Bienen, M. Nazem, Y. Tian, J. Zheng, T. Pucker, and M. F. Randolph. 2015. “Large deformation finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering.” Comput. Geotech. 65: 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.12.005.
Yao, T. P., D. A. Sun, and T. Luo. 2004. “A critical state model for sands dependent on stress and density.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 28 (4): 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.340.
Yi, J. T., S. H. Goh, F. H. Lee, and M. F. Randolph. 2012. “A numerical study of cone penetration in fine-grained soils allowing for consolidation effects.” Geotechnique 62 (8): 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.155.
Yu, H. S., L. R. Herrmann, and R. W. Boulanger. 2000. “Analysis of steady cone penetration in clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 126 (7): 594–605. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:7(594).
Zhou, H., and M. F. Randolph. 2007. “Computational techniques and shear band development for cylindrical and spherical penetrometers in strain-softening clay.” Int. J. Geomech. 7 (4): 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2007)7:4(287).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 21, 2017
Accepted: Oct 3, 2018
Published online: Jan 28, 2019
Published in print: Apr 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jun 28, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.