Progressive Changes in Liquefaction and Cone Penetration Resistance across Multiple Shaking Events in Centrifuge Tests
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 3
Abstract
The effects of shaking history on cone penetration test (CPT)–based liquefaction triggering correlations for clean saturated sand are examined by using cone penetration resistance and cyclic strength data pairs from dynamic centrifuge model tests. Three model tests on a 9-m-radius centrifuge examined the liquefaction responses of level profiles of saturated Ottawa F-65 sand subjected to multiple (17–29) shaking events that produced successive changes in density and model response characteristics. Inverse analysis of data from dense accelerometer arrays were used to define time series of cyclic stress ratios and shear strains throughout the profile. Cyclic resistance ratios against triggering of excess pore pressure ratio in 15 equivalent uniform cycles were computed at multiple depths based on weighting of the cyclic stress ratio time series up to the time of triggering. Cone penetration tests performed at select times during each model test were used to define the variation in cone tip resistances with depth and shaking history. The resulting data pairs, with normalized cone tip resistances ranging from 20 to 340 and cyclic resistance ratios ranging from 0.1 to 2.0, show that both quantities progressively increase as a result of recurrent liquefaction events and generally follow the trends predicted by case history–based liquefaction triggering correlations. Three 1-m-radius centrifuge tests of similar configurations produced consistent results. Implications for the interpretation of case histories and engineering practice are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided the funding for this research (Grant No. CMMI-1300518) and for the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) centrifuge facility at UC Davis (Grant No. CMMI-1520581). The views and conclusions presented in this paper are solely the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of NSF. This research would not have been possible without the help of Mohammad Khosravi, Ali Khosravi, Alex Strum, Kevin Kuei, Matt Burrall, Bao Li Zheng, Sean Munter, Erik Maroney, Diane Moug, and Dan Wilson. The authors would like to thank the staff and researchers at the UC Davis Center for Geotechnical Modeling for their assistance and the University of Western Australia for the CPT design.
References
Abdoun, T., M. A. Gonzalez, S. Thevanayagam, and R. Dobry. 2013. “Centrifuge and large-scale modeling of seismic pore pressures in sands: Cyclic strain interpretation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (8): 1215–1234. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000821.
Bolton, M. D., M. W. Gui, J. Garnier, J. F. Corte, G. Bagge, J. Laue, and R. Renzi. 1999. “Centrifuge cone penetration tests in sand.” Geotechnique 49 (4): 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.4.543.
Boulanger, R. W., and I. M. Idriss. 2004. “State normalization of penetration resistances and the effect of overburden stress on liquefaction resistance.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, and 3rd Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, edited by D. Doolin, et al., 484–491. Singapore: Stallion Press.
Boulanger, R. W., and I. M. Idriss. 2014. CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures. Davis, CA: Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Boulanger, R. W., and I. M. Idriss. 2015. “CPT-based liquefaction triggering procedure.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (2): 04015065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001388.
Brandenberg, S. J., D. W. Wilson, and M. M. Rashid. 2010. “A weighted residual numerical differentiation algorithm applied to experimental bending moment data.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (6): 854–863. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000277.
Carraro, J. A. H., P. Bandini, and R. Salgado. 2003. “Liquefaction resistance of clean and nonplastic silty sands based on cone penetration resistance.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (11): 965–976. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(965).
Darby, K. M., R. W. Boulanger, and J. T. DeJong. 2017. “Effect of multiple shaking events on cone penetration resistances in saturated sand.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Performance-Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (PBD-III), edited by M. Taiebat, et al. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Darby, K. M., J. D. Bronner, A. M. Parra Bastidas, R. W. Boulanger, and J. T. DeJong. 2016. “Effect of shaking history on cone penetration resistance and cyclic strength of saturated sand.” In Proc., Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Dobry, R., and T. Abdoun. 2016. “Research findings on liquefaction triggering in sands during earthquakes.” In Proc., Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress. Reston, VA: ASCE.
El-Sekelly, W., T. Abdoun, and R. Dobry. 2015. “Liquefaction resistance of a silty sand deposit subjected to preshaking followed by extensive liquefaction.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (4): 04015101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001444.
El-Sekelly, W., T. Abdoun, and R. Dobry. 2017. “Effect of sand overconsolidation and extensive liquefaction on K0.” In Proc., Geotechnical Frontiers. Reston, VA: ASCE.
El-Sekelly, W., R. Dobry, T. Abdoun, and J. H. Steidl. 2016. “Centrifuge modeling of the effect of preshaking on the liquefaction resistance of silty sand deposits.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (6): 04016012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001430.
Finn, W. D. L., P. L. Bransby, and D. J. Pickering. 1970. “Effect of strain history on liquefaction of sand.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 96 (SM6): 1917–1934.
Goto, S., and S. Nishio. 1988. “Influence of freeze thaw history on undrained cyclic strength of sandy soils.” [In Japanese.] In Proc., Symp. on Undrained Cyclic Tests on Soils, 149–154. Tokyo: Japanese Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Green, R. A., and G. A. Terri. 2005. “Number of equivalent cycles concept for liquefaction evaluations—Revisited.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (4): 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:4(477).
Ha, I. S., S. M. Olson, M. W. Seo, and M. M. Kim. 2011. “Evaluation of reliquefaction resistance using shaking table tests.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 31 (4): 682–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.12.008.
Idriss, I. M., and R. W. Boulanger. 2008. Soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Ishihara, K. 1996. Soil behavior in earthquake geotechnics: The Oxford engineering science series, No. 46. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kamai, R., and R. W. Boulanger. 2010. “Characterizing localization processes during liquefaction using inverse analyses of instrumentation arrays.” In Meso-scale shear physics in earthquake and landslide mechanics, edited by Y. H. Hatzor, J. Sulem, and I. Vardoulakis, 219–238. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kokusho, T., F. Ito, Y. Nagao, and A. R. Green. 2012. “Influence of non/low-plastic fines and associated aging effects on liquefaction resistance.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (6): 747–756. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000632.
Mesri, G., T. W. Feng, and J. M. Benak. 1990. “Postdensification penetration resistance of clean sands.” J. Geotech. Eng. 116 (7): 1095–1115. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:7(1095).
Mitchell, J. K., and D. J. Tseng. 1990. “Assessment of liquefaction potential by cone penetration resistance.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symp., edited by J. M. Duncan, 335–350. Vancouver, BC: BiTech.
Moug, D. M. 2017. “Axisymmetric cone penetration model for sands and clays.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California.
Mulilis, J. P., H. B. Seed, C. K. Chan, J. K. Mitchell, and K. Arulanandan. 1977. “Effects of sample preparation on sand liquefaction.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 103 (2): 91–108.
Oda, M., K. Kawamoto, K. Suzuki, H. Fujimori, and M. Sato. 2001. “Microstructural interpretation on reliquefaction of saturated granular soils under cyclic loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (5): 416–423. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:5(416).
Parra Bastidas, A. M., R. W. Boulanger, T. J. Carey, and J. T. DeJong. 2016. “Ottawa F-65 sand data from Ana Maria Parra Bastidas.” Accessed November 18, 2016. http://nees.org/resources/13738.
Price, A. B., J. T. DeJong, and R. W. Boulanger. 2017. “Cyclic loading response of silt with multiple loading events.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (10): 04017080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001759.
Pyke, R. M., C. K. Chan, and H. B. Seed. 1974. Settlement and liquefaction of sands under multi-directional shaking. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Seed, H. B. 1979. “Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 105 (2): 201–255.
Seed, H. B., I. M. Idriss, F. Makdisi, and N. Banerjee. 1975. Representation of irregular stress time histories by equivalent uniform stress series in liquefaction analyses. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California at Berkeley.
Singh, S., H. B. Seed, and C. K. Chan. 1982. “Undisturbed sampling of saturated sands by freezing.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 108 (GT2): 247–264.
Stewart, D. P., Y. R. Chen, and B. L. Kutter. 1998. “Experience with the use of methylcellulose as a viscous pore fluid in centrifuge models.” Geotech. Test. J. 21 (4): 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11376J.
van Ballegooy, S., P. Malan, V. Lacrosse, M. E. Jacka, M. Cubrinovski, J. D. Bray, T. D. O’Rourke, S. A. Crawford, and H. Cowan. 2014. “Assessment of liquefaction-induced land damage for residential Christchurch.” Earthquake Spectra J. 30 (1): 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1193/031813EQS070M.
Wang, J. 2018. “Seismic performances of a liquefiable sand deposit using 1-g shake table testing considering aging and shaking history effects and the numerical simulation of sand liquefaction.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Ziotopoulou, K., J. Montgomery, A. M. Parra Bastidas, and B. Morales. 2018. “Cyclic strength of Ottawa F-65 sand: Laboratory testing and constitutive model calibration.” In Proc., Int. Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 3 • March 2019
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 18, 2018
Accepted: Jul 18, 2018
Published online: Dec 26, 2018
Published in print: Mar 1, 2019
Discussion open until: May 26, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.