Upward Pipe–Soil Interaction for Shallowly Buried Pipelines in Dense Sand
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 11
Abstract
Uplift resistance is a key parameter against upheaval buckling in the design of a buried pipeline. The mobilization of uplift resistance in dense sand is investigated in the present study based on finite-element (FE) analysis. The prepeak hardening, postpeak softening, density-dependent, and confining pressure–dependent soil behavior are implemented in FE analysis. The uplift resistance mobilizes with progressive formation of shear bands. The vertical inclination of the shear band is approximately equal to the maximum dilation angle at the peak and then decreases with upward displacement. The force–displacement curves can be divided into three segments: prepeak, quick postpeak softening, and gradual reduction of resistance at large displacements. Simplified equations are proposed for mobilization of uplift resistance. The results of FE analysis, simplified equations, and model tests are compared. The importance of postpeak degradation of uplift resistance to upheaval buckling is discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The works presented in this paper have been supported by the Research and Development Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador, Chevron Canada Limited, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
References
Aiban, S. A., and D. Znidarčić. 1995. “Centrifuge modeling of bearing capacity of shallow foundations on sands.” J. Geotech. Eng. 121 (10): 704–712. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:10(704).
ALA (American Lifelines Alliance). 2005. “Guidelines for the design of buried steel pipe.” Accessed March 13, 2017. https://www.americanlifelinesalliance.com/pdf/Update061305.pdf.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 1987. Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms: API Recommended practice, 2A (RP 2A). 17th ed. Washington, DC: API.
Aynbinder, A. B., and A. G. Kamershtein. 1982. Raschet magistral’nykh truboprovodov na prochnost’ i ustoichivost’ [Calculation of trunk pipe for strength and stability]. [In Russian.] Moscow, Russia: Nedra Publishers.
Bolton, M. D. 1986. “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Géotechnique 36 (1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65.
Bransby, M. F., and J. Ireland. 2009. “Rate effects during pipeline upheaval buckling in sand.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 162 (5): 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2009.162.5.247.
Bransby, M. F., T. A. Newson, and M. C. R. Davies. 2002. “Physical modelling of the upheaval resistance of buried offshore pipelines.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC press, Taylor & Francis group.
Cathie, D. N., C. Jaeck, J.-C. Ballard, and J.-F. Wintgens. 2005. “Pipeline geotechnics: State-of-the-art.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, 95–114. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Chakraborty, D., and J. Kumar. 2014. “Vertical uplift resistance of pipes buried in sand.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 5 (1): 04013009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000149.
Chakraborty, T., and R. Salgado. 2010. “Dilatancy and shear strength of sand at low confining pressures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (3): 527–532. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000237.
Cheuk, C. Y., D. J. White, and M. D. Bolton. 2005. “Deformation mechanisms during the uplift of buried pipelines in sand.” In Proc., 16th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 1685–1688. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press.
Cheuk, C. Y., D. J. White, and M. D. Bolton. 2008. “Uplift mechanisms of pipes buried in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (2): 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:2(154).
Chin, E. L., W. H. Craig, and M. Cruickshank. 2006. “Uplift resistance of pipelines buried in cohesionless soil.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, edited by C. W. W. Ng, L. M. Zhang, and Y. H. Wang, 723–728. London: Taylor & Francis.
Clukey, E. C., C. R. Jackson, J. A. Vermersch, S. P. Koch, and W. C. Lamb. 1989. “Natural densification by wave action of sand surrounding a buried offshore pipeline.” In Proc., Offshore Technology Conf. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Dickin, E. A. 1994. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines in sand.” Soils Found. 34 (2): 41–48. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.34.2_41.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2007. Global buckling of submarine pipelines—Structural design due to high temperature/high pressure. Baerum, Norway: Det Norske Veritas.
Dutta, S., B. Hawlader, and R. Phillips. 2015. “Finite element modeling of partially embedded pipelines in clay seabed using Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (1): 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0045.
Eiksund, G., H. Langø, and E. Øiseth. 2013. “Full-scale test of uplift resistance of trenched pipes.” Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng. 23 (4): 298–306.
Farhadi, B., and R. C. K. Wong. 2014. “Numerical modeling of pipe-soil interaction under transverse direction.” In Proc., Int. Pipeline. Conf., 2014–33364. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Goplen, S., P Strom, E. Levold, and J. Mork. 2005. “Hotpipe jip: HP/HT buried pipelines.” In Proc., 24th Int. Conf. on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Hobbs, R. E. 1984. “In-service buckling of heated pipelines.” J. Transp. Eng. 110 (2): 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1984)110:2(175).
Huang, B., J. Liu, D. Ling, and Y. Zhou. 2015. “Application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) in the study of uplift mechanisms of pipe buried in medium dense sand.” J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit. 5 (5): 599–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-015-0130-y.
Jung, J. K., T. D. O’Rourke, and N. A. Olson. 2013. “Uplift soil-pipe interaction in granular soil.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (7): 744–753. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0357.
Kenny, S., and P. Jukes. 2015. “Pipeline/soil interaction modelling in support of pipeline engineering design and integrity.” In Oil and gas pipelines: Integrity and safety handbook, edited by R. W. Revie, 93. New York: Wiley.
Klever, F. J., L. C. Van Helvoirt, and A. C. Sluyterman. 1990. “A dedicated finite-element model for analyzing upheaval bucking response of submarine pipelines.” In Proc., 22nd Annual Offshore Technology Conf., 529–538. Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Lings, M. L., and M. S. Dietz. 2004. “An improved direct shear apparatus for sand.” Géotechnique 54 (4): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.4.245.
Liu, R., H. Xiong, X. L. Wu, and S. W. Yan. 2014. “Numerical studies on global buckling of subsea pipelines.” Ocean Eng. 78: 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.12.018.
Loukidis, D., and R. Salgado. 2011. “Effect of relative density and stress level on the bearing capacity of footings on sand.” Géotechnique 61 (2): 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.150.3771.
Merifield, R. S., S. W. Sloan, A. J. Abbo, and H. S. Yu. 2001. “The ultimate pullout capacity of anchors in frictional soils.” In Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, 1187–1192. Florida: CRC press, Taylor and Francis group.
Palmer, A. C., D. J. White, A. J. Baumgard, M. D. Bolton, A. J. Barefoot, M. Finch, T. Powell, A. S. Faranski, and J. A. S. Baldry. 2003. “Uplift resistance of buried submarine pipelines: Comparison between centrifuge modelling and full-scale tests.” Géotechnique 53 (10): 877–883. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.10.877.
Pike, K. 2016. “Physical and numerical modelling of pipe/soil interaction events for large deformation geohazards.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland.
Pike, K., and S. Kenny. 2016. “Offshore pipelines and ice gouge geohazards: Comparative performance assessment of decoupled structural and coupled continuum models.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (11): 1866–1881. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0090.
Randolph, M. F., M. B. Jamiolkowski, and L. Zdravkovic. 2004. “Load carrying capacity of foundations.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., Skempton Memorial Conf., 207–240. Westminster, London: ICE publishers, Institution of Civil Engineers.
Roy, K. 2017. “Numerical modeling of pipe–soil and anchor–soil interactions in dense sand.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland.
Roy, K., B. C. Hawlader, S. Kenny, and I. Moore. 2016. “Finite element modeling of lateral pipeline-soil interactions in dense sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (3): 490–504. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0171.
Roy, K., B. C. Hawlader, S. Kenny, and I. Moore. 2018. “Uplift failure mechanisms of pipes buried in dense sand.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (8): 04018087.
Saboya, F. A., Jr., P. A.C. Santiago, R. R. Martins, S. Tibana, R. S. Ramires, and J. T. Araruna Jr. 2012. “Centrifuge test to evaluate the geotechnical performance of anchored buried pipelines in sand.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 3 (3): 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000105.
Schaminée, P., N. Zorn, and G. Schotman. 1990. “Soil response for pipeline upheaval buckling analyses: Full-scale laboratory tests and modelling.” In Proc., Offshore Technology Conf., 563–572. Houston.
Schupp, J., B. W. Byrne, N. Eacott, C. M. Martin, J. Oliphant, A. Maconochie, and D. Cathie. 2006. “Pipeline unburial behaviour in loose sand.” In Proc., 25th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Stone, K. J. L., and T. A. Newson. 2006. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines: An investigation of scale effects in model tests.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, edited by C. W. W. Ng, L. M. Zhang, and Y. H. Wang, 741–746. London: Taylor and Francis.
Tatsuoka, F., M. Okahara, T. Tanaka, K. Tani, T. Morimoto, and M. S. A. Siddiquee. 1991. “Progressive failure and particle size effect in bearing capacity of a footing on sand.” Geotech. Spec. Publ. 27 (2): 788–802.
Taylor, N., and A. B. Gan. 1986. “Submarine pipeline buckling-imperfection studies.” Thin Walled Struct. 4 (4): 295–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(86)90035-2.
Taylor, N., and V. Tran. 1996. “Experimental and theoretical studies in subsea pipeline buckling.” Mar. Struct. 9 (2): 211–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(94)00021-J.
Thusyanthan, N. I., S. Mesmar, J. Wang, and S. K. Haigh. 2010. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines and DNV-RP-F110.” In Proc., Offshore Pipeline Technology Conf., 24–25. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Trautmann, C. 1983. “Behavior of pipe in dry sand under lateral and uplift loading.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell Univ.
Wang, J., R. Ahmed, S. K. Haigh, N. I. Thusyanthan, and S. Mesmar. 2010. “Uplift resistance of buried pipelines at low cover–diameter ratios.” In Proc., Offshore Technology. Conf. Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson.
Wang, J., A. Eltaher, P. Jukes, J. Sun, and F. S. Wang. 2009. “Latest developments in upheaval buckling analysis for buried pipelines.” In Proc., Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., 594–602. Cupertino, CA: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Wang, J., S. K. Haigh, G. Forrest, and N. I. Thusyanthan. 2012. “Mobilization distance for upheaval buckling of shallowly buried pipelines.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 3 (4): 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000099.
White, D. J., A. J. Barefoot, and M. D. Bolton. 2001. “Centrifuge modelling of upheaval buckling in sand.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech. 1 (2): 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.2001.010202.
White, D. J., C. Y. Cheuk, and M. D. Bolton. 2008. “The uplift resistance of pipes and plate anchors buried in sand.” Géotechnique 58 (10): 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.3692.
White, D. J., W. A. Take, and M. D. Bolton. 2003. “Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry.” Géotechnique 53 (7): 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.619.
Yimsiri, S., K. Soga, K. Yoshizaki, G. Dasari, and T. O’Rourke. 2004. “Lateral and upward soil-pipeline interactions in sand for deep embedment conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (8): 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:8(830).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 144 • Issue 11 • November 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 17, 2017
Accepted: Apr 26, 2018
Published online: Aug 23, 2018
Published in print: Nov 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.