Effect of Load Duration on Particle Breakage and Dilative Behavior of Residual Soil
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 9
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of load duration on particle breakage and dilative behavior of a residual soil. To deepen the understanding of particle breakage subjected to load duration, the large-scale monotonic triaxial (TX) tests and creep TX tests were conducted on residual soil in saturated conditions. Values of particle breakage for the monotonic loading condition are compared with corresponding values for the creep loading condition calculated using a relative breakage index. For the creep TX tests, the load duration results in times greater breakage index than the values of the monotonic TX test did. The obtained results suggest that load duration and stress level beneficially influence the particle breakage in the form of dilation suppression. The linearity is observed between the shear stress ratio and the dilation rate. A cycle with three phases is provided to help understand the creep behavior of coarse-grained residual soil: the concentration of contact stress, particle breakage, and rearrangement of crushed grains. The findings are expected to improve the understanding of the dilative behaviors of residual fills at subgrade sites.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This project was financially supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (under Grant No. 51378514) and the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude. The authors are grateful for the open cooperation with the research team of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. The authors would like to thank Associate Professor Tong Qiu from Pennsylvania State University for discussions related to the technical contents.
References
Altuhafi, F., and Coop, M. R. (2011). “Changes to particle characteristics associated with the compression of sands.” Géotechnique, 61(6), 459–471.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard test method for consolidated drained triaxial compression test for soils.” ASTM D7181, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort.” ASTM D1557, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bandini, V., and Coop, M. R. (2011). “The influence of particle breakage on the location of the critical state line of sands.” Soils Found., 51(4), 591–600.
Bishop, A. W. (1966). “The strength of soils as engineering materials.” Geotechnique, 16(2), 91–130.
Blight, G. E., and Leong, E. C. (2012). Mechanics of residual soil, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, London, 354.
Bolton, M. D. (1986). “The strength and dilation of sands.” Geotechnique, 36(1), 65–78.
Brandes, H. G., and Nakayama, D. D. (2010). “Creep, strength and other characteristics of Hawaiian volcanic soils.” Geotechnique, 60(4), 235–245.
Budhu, M. (2000). Soil mechanics and foundations, Wiley, New York.
Chakraborty, T., and Salgado, R. (2010). “Dilation and shear strength of sand at low confining pressures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 527–532.
Chen, X., and Zhang, J. (2015). “Full-scale field testing on a highway composite pavement dynamic responses.” Transp. Geotech., 4, 13–27.
Chen, X. B., and Zhang, J. S. (2012). “Grain breakage analysis and effects on the weathered granular soil’s rheological behaviour.” J. Central South Univ. Technol., 19(7), 2022–2028.
Chen, X. B., Zhang, J. S., and Li, Z. (2014). “Shear behaviour of a geogrid-reinforced coarse-grained soil based on large-scale triaxial tests.” Geotextiles Geomembr., 42(4), 312–328.
Coop, M. R. (1990). “The mechanics of uncemented carbonate sands.” Geotechnique, 40(4), 607–626.
Daouadji, A., and Hicher, P. Y. (2009). “An enhanced constitutive model for crushable granular materials.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 34(6), 555–580.
Daouadji, A., Hicher, P. Y., and Rahma, A. (2001). “An elastoplastic model for granular materials taking into account grain breakage.” Eur. J. Mech. a-Solids, 20(1), 113–137.
Einav, I. (2007a). “Breakage mechanics—Part I: Theory.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 55(6), 1274–1297.
Einav, I. (2007b). “Breakage mechanics—Part II: Modelling granular materials.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 55(6), 1298–1320.
Faisal, H. A. (2000). “Unsaturated tropical residual soils and rainfall induced slope failures in Malaysia.” Unsaturated soils for Asia, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 41–52.
Ghafghazi, M., Shuttle, D. A., and DeJong, J. T. (2014). “Particle breakage and the critical state of sand.” Soils Found., 54(3), 451–461.
Hardin, B. O. (1985). “Crushing of soil particles.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1177–1192.
Harireche, O., and McDowell, G. R. (2003). “Discrete element modelling of cyclic loading of crushable aggregates.” Granular Matter, 5(3), 147–151.
Indraratna, B., Tennakoon, N., Nimbalkar, S., and Rujikiatkamjorn, C. (2013). “Behaviour of clay-fouled ballast under drained triaxial testing.” Geotechnique, 63(5), 410–419.
Indrawan, B., Rahardjo, H., and Leong, E. C. (2006). “Effects of coarse-grained materials on properties of residual soil.” Eng. Geol., 82(3), 154–164.
Kwok, C. Y., and Bolton, M. D. (2013). “DEM simulations of soil creep due to particle crushing.” Geotechnique, 63(16), 1365–1376.
Lee, K. L., and Farhoomand, I. (1967). “Compressibility and crushing of granular soils in anisotropic triaxial compression.” Can. Geotech. J., 4(1), 68–86.
Lenung, C. F., Lee, F. H., and Yet, N. S. (1996). “The role of particle breakage in pile creep in sand.” Can. Geotech. J., 33(6), 888–898.
Leong, E. C., Rahardjo, H., and Tang, S. K. (2002). “Characterisation and engineering properties of Singapore residual soils.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Characterisation and Engineering Properties of Natural Soils, Vol. 2, National Univ. of Singapore, Singapore, 1279–1304.
Leslie, D. D. (1963). “Large-scale triaxial tests on gravelly soils.” Proc., 2nd Panamerican Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, Canadian Geotechnical Society, Vancouver, Canada, 181–202.
Leslie, D. D. (1975). “Shear strength of rockfill.”, South Pacific Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Laboratory, Sausalito, CA.
Li, X. S., and Dafalias, Y. F. (2000). “Dilation for cohesionless soils.” Geotechnique, 50(4), 449–460.
Luzzani, L., and Coop, M. R. (2002). “On the relationship between particle breakage and the critical state of sands.” Soils Found., 42(2), 71–82.
Ma, G., Zhou, W., and Chang, X. L. (2014). “Modelling the particle breakage of rockfill materials with the cohesive crack model.” Comput. Geotech., 61, 132–143.
Manzari, M. T., and Dafalias, Y. F. (1997). “A critical state two-surface plasticity model for sands.” Geotechnique, 47(2), 255–272.
Marsal, R. J. (1973). “Mechanical properties of rockfill.” Embankment dam engineering, R. C. Hirschfield and S. J. Poulos, eds., Wiley, New York, 109–200.
McDowell, G. R., and Bolton, M. D. (1998). “On the micromechanics of crushable aggregates.” Geotechnique, 48(5), 667–679.
Meng, G., and Chu, J. (2011). “Shear strength properties of a residual soil in Singapore.” Soils Found., 51(4), 565–573.
Rahardjo, H., Lim, T. T., and Chang, M. F. (1995). “Shear-strength characteristics of a residual soil.” Can. Geotech. J., 32(1), 60–77.
Rahardjo, H., Ong, B. H., and Leong, E. C. (2004). “Shear strength of a compacted residual soil from consolidated drained and constant water content triaxial tests.” Can. Geotech. J., 41(3), 421–436.
Rahardjo, H., Satyanaga, A., Leong, E. C., Ng, Y. S., and Pang, H. T. C. (2012). “Variability of residual soil properties.” Eng. Geol., 141(3), 124–140.
Rowe, P. W. (1962). “The stress-dilatancy relation for static equilibrium of an assembly of particles in contact.” Proc. R. Soc. London Series A-Math. Phys. Sci., 269(1339), 500–527.
Shahnazari, H., and Rezvani, R. (2013). “Effective parameters for the particle breakage of calcareous sands: An experimental study.” Eng. Geol., 159(9), 98–105.
Shahnazari, H., Salehzadeh, H, Rezvani, R., and Dehnavi, Y. (2014). “The effect of shape and stiffness of originally different marine soil grains on their contractive and dilative behaviour.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 18(4), 975–983.
Sladen, J. A., D’Hollander, R. D. D., and Krahn, J. (1985). “The liquefaction of sands, a collapse surface approach.” Can. Geotech. J., 22(4), 564–578.
Takei, M., Kusakabe, O., and Hayashi, T. (2001). “Time-dependent behaviour of crushable materials in one-dimensional compression tests.” Soils Found., 41(1), 97–121.
Takei, M., Yoneima, T., Galer, M. M., and Kusakabe, O. (1998). “Time dependent behaviour of geomaterials due to particle crushing.”, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 37–56.
Tsoungui, O., Vallet, D., and Charmet, J.-C. (1999). “Numerical model of crushing of grains inside two-dimensional granular materials.” Powder Technol., 105(1–3), 190–198.
Vilhar, G., Jovicic, V., and Coop, M. R. (2013). “The role of particle breakage in the mechanics of a non-plastic silty sand.” Soils Found., 53(1), 91–104.
Winn, K., Rahardjo, H., and Peng, S. C. (2001). “Characterization of residual soils in Singapore.” Geotech. Eng. J. South-East Asia Geotech. Soc., 32(1), 1–13.
Xiao, Y., Liu, H., Chen, Y., and Chu, J. (2014). “Strength and dilation of silty sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 140(7), 1–4.
Xiao, Y., Liu, H., Ding, X., Chen, Y., Jiang, J., and Wengang, Z. (2015). “Influence of particle breakage on critical state line of rockfill material.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015031.
Yamamuro, J. A., and Lade, P. V. (1993). “Effects of strain rate on instability of granular soils.” Geotech. Test. J., 16(3), 304–313.
Yet, N. S., Leung, C. F., and Lee, F. H. (1996). “Post-installation behaviour of pile.” Proc., 12th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conf., Vol. 1, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 429–434.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 9 • September 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 3, 2015
Accepted: Dec 28, 2015
Published online: May 13, 2016
Published in print: Sep 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 13, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.