Performance of GCL after 10 Years in Service in the Arctic
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 10
Abstract
The performance of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) installed as part of a geocomposite barrier (geomembrane/GCL) to contain a hydrocarbon spill adjacent to the Arctic Ocean was evaluated by examining sacrificial samples exhumed after 1, 4, 6, 7, and 10 years in service. The hydraulic and chemical characteristics of the GCL were most affected by the location within the soil profile relative to the water table (typically about 1.3 m below ground level). The bentonite in the GCL samples exhumed from a depth of 0.0–0.8 m was well hydrated with a dispersed structure. Despite the significant cation exchange that took place between these GCL samples and the surrounding soil (the percentage of the exchangeable sodium decreased from 68% to 10–15%), there was no change in the hydraulic conductivity () of GCL for tap water or jet fuel. A similar bentonite structure was observed for GCL samples exhumed from 0.8 to 1.3 m below ground level; however, an observed network of horizontal and vertical microcracks ( wide) in the bentonite layer was attributed to the formation of ice lenses. As a result, the of these GCL samples increased by one to two orders of magnitude when permeated by both tap water and jet fuel. The bentonite in GCL samples exhumed from below the water table after 6 and 10 years was flocculated with relatively high free pore space. The values of these samples increased by one to four orders of magnitude for tap water and jet fuel. Despite this increase in at some depths, there was no evidence of migration of hydrocarbons through the barrier over the last 10 years, indirectly suggesting that the subsurface geocomposite barrier system is still performing well.
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Acknowledgments
The barrier system at BAF-3 was constructed on behalf of the North Warning System Office, Department of National Defence, Canada. Their support throughout the project is gratefully acknowledged. The writers are also indebted to the Environmental Sciences Group (ESG) at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) for assistance in accessing the samples. Dr. D. A. Arnepalli (Assistant Professor, IIT Madras University) extracted the GCL samples from the BAF-3 site in 2007 and 2008. The assistance of Mr. Dustin Ellis (Project Leader, ESG) with the field sampling in 2011 is greatly appreciated.
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Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 140 • Issue 10 • October 2014
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 11, 2013
Accepted: Jun 5, 2014
Published online: Jul 1, 2014
Published in print: Oct 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Dec 1, 2014
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