Experimental Evaluation of Curves Considering Development of Liquefaction
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 4
Abstract
Although evidence in the literature indicates that the lateral resistance of piles in liquefiable soils is significantly reduced, the shape and amplitude of the reduced curve during pore pressure buildup are needed for reliable design of pile foundations. To investigate this issue, a single steel pile embedded in homogeneous saturated Nevada sand was subjected to sequential dynamic shaking and lateral (inertial-equivalent) loading. A key goal in the test program was to develop a data set capable of rendering insight into the characteristics of resistance under developing liquefied soil conditions. As such, results presented focus primarily on the static curves backcalculated from bending moment distributions at the achieved excess pore pressures. Analysis of the experimental data shows that mobilization of the partially liquefied soil was achieved during lateral loading. A rich set of test data was produced from this testing series, which will be useful for model validation and subsequent design efforts.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research work was supported by the Washington Department of Transportation, the National Science Foundation under the CAREER program (CMMI-0729483), and Earth Mechanics, Inc. Material, labor, and testing assistance was provided by Geo-Testing Express (a subsidiary of Geocon Corp.), Gregg Drilling and Testing, and the California Department of Transportation. Helpful comments from Professors Geoffrey Martin and George Mylonakis, Drs. Arul Arulmoli, Steve Dickenson, J. P. Singh, and Mohammed Ashour, and colleagues at Shannon and Wilson, Inc., are appreciated. Technical assistance of the staff at the University of California, San Diego, Charles Lee Powell Laboratory, in particular Dr. Christopher Latham, Mr. Andrew Gunthardt, and Mr. Paul Greco, is appreciated. Opinions, findings, and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of any of the sponsoring partners.
References
American Petroleum Institute (API). (1993). Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms (RP 2A-WSD), 20th Ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.
Ashford, S. A., and Jakrapiyanun, W. (2001). Design and verification of the UCSD laminar container, Univ. of California, Structural Systems Research Project, San Diego, 2001–2007.
Bartake, P. P., and Singh, D. N. (2007). “Studies on the determination of shear wave velocity in sands.” Geomech. Geoeng. Int. J., 2(1), 41–49.
Brandenberg, S. J. (2005). “Behavior of pile foundations in liquefied and laterally spreading ground.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Brandenberg, S. J., Boulanger, R. W., Kutter, B. L., and Chang, D. (2005). “Behavior of pile foundations in laterally spreading ground during centrifuge tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(11), 1378–1392.
Chang, B. J. (2011). “Nonlinear behavior and modeling of piles in partially liquefied and layered soil conditions.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Chang, B. J., and Hutchinson, T. C. (2010). “Experimental evaluation of p-y curves considering liquefaction development.” Structural Systems Research Project #2009–13, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Idriss, I. M., and Boulanger, R. W. (2008). Soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Liu, L., and Dobry, R. (1995). “Effect of liquefaction on lateral response of piles by centrifuge model tests.” NCEER Bull., 9(1), 7–11.
Matlock, H. (1970). “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay.” Proc., 2nd Annual Offshore Technology Conf., Offshore Technology Conference, Dallas.
Matthews, J. E. (1982). “Shear wave velocity measurements in marine sediments.” Geo-Mar. Lett., 2(3–4), 215–217.
Meymand, P. J. (1998). Shaking table scale model tests of nonlinear soil-pile-superstructure interaction in a soft clay, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D. (1974). “Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand.” Proc., 6th Annual Offshore Technology Conf., Offshore Technology Conference, Dallas.
Rollins, K., Bowels, S., Brown, D., and Ashford, S. (2007). “Lateral load testing of large drilled shafts after blast-induced liquefaction.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki, Greece.
Rollins, K. M., Gerber, T. M., Lane, J. D., and Ashford, S. A. (2005a). “Lateral resistance of a full-scale pile group in liquefied sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(1), 115–125.
Rollins, K. M., Hales, L. J., Ashford, S. A., and Camp, W. M. (2005b). “P-Y curves for large diameter shafts in liquefied sand from blast liquefaction tests.” ASCE Special Publication: Seismic Performance and Simulation of Pile Foundations in Liquefied and Laterally Spreading Ground, 145, 11–23.
Salgado, R., and Prezzi, M. (2007). “Computation of cavity expansion pressure and penetration resistance in sands.” Int. J. Geomech., 7(4), 251–265.
Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1970). “Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analyses.” Rep. EERC 70-10, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Tokimatsu, K., and Suzuki, H. (2004). “Pore water pressure response around pile and its effects on P-Y behavior during soil liquefaction.” Soil Found., 44(6), 101–110.
Tokimatsu, K., Suzuki, H., and Suzuki, Y. (2001). “Back-calculated P-Y relation of liquefied soils from large shaking table tests.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Univ. of Missouri, Rolla, MO.
Weaver, T. J. (2001). Behavior of liquefying sand and CISS piles during full-scale lateral load tests, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Weaver, T. J., Ashford, S. A., and Rollins, K. M. (2005). “Response of 0.6 m cast-in-steel-shell pile in liquefied soil under lateral loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(1), 94–102.
Wilson, D. W. (1998). Soil-pile superstructure interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Wilson, D. W., Boulanger, R. W., and Kutter, B. L. (2000). “Observed seismic lateral resistance of liquefying sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(10), 898–906.
Yang, J. (2002). “Liquefaction resistance of sand in relation to P-wave velocity.” Geotechnique, 52(4), 295–298.
Yang, J., and Sato, Y. (2000). “Interpretation of seismic vertical amplification observed at an array site.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90(2), 275–285.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 4 • April 2013
Pages: 577 - 586
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 29, 2010
Accepted: Jun 25, 2012
Published online: Aug 1, 2012
Published in print: Apr 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.