Seismic Response Characteristics of Saturated Sand Deposits Mixed with Tire Chips
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 4
Abstract
With the objective of better and more environmentally friendly recycling methods, many researchers are now examining the use of scrap tires as a new geomaterial. Based on past research, it was clear that tire chips reduce the rise of excess pore-water pressure when subjected to earthquake shaking. Based on such characteristics, online pseudodynamic response tests were conducted in this study on model grounds consisting of either tire chip-mixed sand or alternating layers of sand and tire chips with the aim of clarifying the seismic response characteristics of tire chips and tire chip-sand mixtures. Online testing is a method of feeding soil response characteristics directly from soil samples into a one-dimensional modeling algorithm. The test results showed that when tire chips with low stiffness were either mixed with sand or placed as layers, more significant damping and seismic isolation effects were observed. The presence of tire chips also reduced the accumulation of excess pore-water pressure in the layer, preventing the occurrence of liquefaction. In addition, when tire chips are installed as layers beneath the sand, liquefaction is not generated in the upper sandy layer because the amplitudes of the seismic waves are attenuated. Finally, the effectiveness of tire chips mixed with sand increased as the mix ratio was increased. When they were installed as pure layers, tire chips were more effective when placed at a deeper location or when the layer was thicker.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ASTM. (2008). “Standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications.” D6270-08e1, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bosscher, P. J., Edil, T. B., and Kuraoka, S. (1997). “Design of highway embankments using tire chips.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(4), 295–304.
Desai, C. S., Drumm, E. C., and Zaman, M. M. (1985). “Cyclic testing and modeling of interfaces.” J. Environ. Eng., 111(6), 793–815.
Edil, T. B., Park, J. K., and Kim, J. Y. (2004). “Effectiveness of scrap tire chips as sorptive drainage material.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(7), 824–831.
Feng, Z.-Y., and Sutter, K. G. (2000). “Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures.” Geotech. Test. J., 23(3), 338–344.
Finn, W. D. L., Martin, G. R., and Lee, K. W. (1977). “An effective stress model for liquefaction.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 103(6), 517–533.
Fukutake, K., Horiuchi, S., Matsuoka, H., Liu, S., and Kawasaki, H. (2003). “Stable geostructure using recycled tires and properties of improved body using tires with granular materials.” Proc., 5th Geoenvironmental Engineering Symp., Japanese Geotechnical Society, Tokyo, 189–194 (in Japanese).
Hazarika, H., Kohama, E., Suzuki, H., and Sugano, T. (2006). “Enhancement of earthquake resistance of structures using tire chips as compressible inclusion.” Rep. Port Airport Res. Inst., 45(1), 3–28 (in Japanese).
Hyodo, M., et al. (2001). “Behavior of offshore structure based on sand seabed subjected to ice and seismic loads by online dynamic response test.” Proc., 16th Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC), Vol. 2, 607–616.
Hyodo, M., Orense, R., Ishikawa, S., Yamada, S., Kim, U. G., and Kim, J. G. (2006). “Effects of fines content on cyclic shear characteristics of sand-clay mixtures.” Proc., Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Workshop, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 81–89.
Hyodo, M., Yamada, S., Orense, R. P., Okamoto, M., and Hazarika, H. (2007). “Undrained cyclic shear properties of tire chip-sand mixtures.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Scrap Tire Derived Materials (IW-TDGM 2007), Taylor and Francis Group, London, 187–196.
Ishihara, K. (1993). “Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.” Geotechnique, 43(3), 351–415.
Ishihara, K., and Towhata, I. (1982). “Dynamic response analysis of level ground based on the effective stress method.” Soil mechanics—Transient and cyclic loads, G. N. Pande and O. C. Zienkiewicz, eds., Wiley, New York, 133–172.
Kazama, M., Yanagisawa, E. and Inatomi, T. (1997). “Non-linear effect of soft clay layer on the seismic response of surface ground.” J. Geotech. Eng., 575(III-40), 219–230 (in Japanese).
Kikuchi, Y., Nagatome, T., and Mitarai, Y. (2006). “Failure and permeability properties of cement-treated clay with tire chips under shear deformation.” Rep. Port Airport Res. Inst., 45(2), 87–103 (in Japanese).
Kim, U. G., Koga, C., Hyodo, M., and Orense, R. P. (2006). “Effect of fines content on the monotonic shear behavior of sand-clay mixtures.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Geomechanics and Geotechnics of Particulate Media, Taylor and Francis Group, London, 133–138.
Kusakabe, S., Morio, S., and Arimoto, K. (1990). “Liquefaction phenomenon of sand layers by using on-line computer test control method.” Soils Found., 30(3), 174–184.
Kusakabe, S., Morio, S., Okabayashi, T., Fujii, T. and Hyodo, M. (1999). “Development of a simple shear apparatus and its application to various liquefaction tests.” J. Geotech. Eng., 617(III-46), 299–304 (in Japanese).
Lee, J. H., Salgado, R., Bernal, A., and Lovell, C. W. (1999). “Shredded tires and rubber-sand as lightweight backfill.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(2), 132–141.
Okamoto, M., Orense, R. P., Hyodo, M., and Kuwata, J. (2008). “Monotonic shear behaviour of sand-tyre chips mixtures.” Proc., Geotechnical Symp., New Zealand Geotechnical Society, Auckland, New Zealand, 75–80.
Port and Harbour Research Institute (PHRI). (1997). Handbook on liquefaction remediation of reclaimed land, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Takahashi, N., Hyodo, M., Hyde, A. F. L., Yamamoto, Y., and Kimura, S. (2006). “On-line earthquake response test for stratified layers of clay and sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(5), 611–621.
Takahashi, N., Hyodo, M., Yashiro, Y., Kimura, S., and Yamamoto, Y. (2003). “Online pseudo-dynamic response test on stratified ground including clay layer.” Proc., 13th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Mountain View, CA, 466–473.
Tomita, R. (2006). “Contribution of Japanese cement industry towards addressing environmental issues.” Proc., Korea Concrete Institute 2006 Symp., Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul.
Tsang, H. H. (2008). “Seismic isolation by rubber-soil mixture for developing countries.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37(2), 283–303.
Weber, A. S. (2009). “TDA septic system studies at the University at Buffalo.” Proc., New York State Tire Derived Aggregate Workshop, Univ. of Buffalo Center for Integrated Waste Management, Buffalo, NY.
Wolfe, S. L., Humphrey, D. N. and Wetzel, E. A. (2004). “Development of tire shred underlayment to reduce ground-borne vibration from LRT track.” Geotechnical engineering for transportation project, ASCE, Reston, VA, 750–759.
Yamaguchi, A. (2001). “Seismic performance of offshore artificial island in Kobe during the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake.” M.S. thesis, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 63–64.
Yoshimoto, N., Hyodo, M., Takahashi, N., Yamamoto, Y., and Kimura, S. (2004). “Earthquake response for stratified deposits composed of clay and sand layer by online pseudo-dynamic response test.” Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 4 • April 2013
Pages: 633 - 643
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 23, 2011
Accepted: Jul 10, 2012
Published online: Jul 31, 2012
Published in print: Apr 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.