Stabilized Dredged Material. III: Mineralogical Perspective
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Volume 136, Issue 8
Abstract
The prior two papers in this series reported on the geoenvironmental and geomechanical properties of 20 stabilized dredged material (SDM) blends using dredged material (DM) from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Craney Island confined disposal facility. The pozzolans included lime, cement kiln dust (CKD), class F fly ash, and two cements (portland and slag cement). This paper reports on the mineralogical evolution of the SDM blends over a 6-month curing period using techniques new to mainstream geotechnical engineering: X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld quantification analysis which allows direct quantitative mineralogical comparisons between soil samples. Despite being classified as a high plasticity clay-organic clay (CH/OH soil), XRD showed that the DM contained no montmorillonite, illite or kaolinite, and was thus mineralogically unreactive. The quartz, feldspar, and mica contents were numerically tracked and were shown to remain stable 6 months after blending. The chlorite (in DM) content decreased over time and with the fly ash served as the sources of soluble silica and alumina for pozzolanic reactions especially in the lime-based SDM blends. Lime in the lime-based blends persisted in significant quantities (3%) as unreacted portlandite even at 6 months curing, indicating that the solubility of silica in the DM was the limiting factor for strength development. New (ettringite and hydrocalumite) mineral formation was quantified. CKD provided high early strength (7 and 28 days) when used in combination with small amounts of lime that provided prolonged pH buffering; CKD alone or in combination with fly ash did not maintain elevated pH over 6 months. Overall, the unconfined compressive strength, pH, and mineralogy results at 6 months were substantially different compared to the standard curing time of 28 days, confirming similar findings of previous long-term stabilization-solidification studies.
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Acknowledgments
Dominion Virginia Power provided the type F fly ash to support this research. Messrs. David Bristow (Dominion) and Ron Birckhead (Dominion—retired) are thanked for their support and involvement. Messrs. Sam McGee and Carlos M. Quinones of USACE Craney Island facilitated the DM sample collection. The lime, CKD, type IE PC, and NewCem were provided by Mr. Jeff Fair of Lafarge North America (Whitehall, Pennsylvania). Messrs. David Cinsavich, Matt Farley and Dennis Stevens of Schnabel (Blacksburg, Virginia) assisted with the geotechnical testing program. Significant portions of this work were completed at the Stevens Institute of Technology. Dr. Deok Hyun Moon and Mr. Trevor Reilly of Stevens assisted with the mineralogical analyses. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the writer(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the project sponsors.
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Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 136 • Issue 8 • August 2010
Pages: 1037 - 1050
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© 2010 ASCE.
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Received: Aug 4, 2008
Accepted: Nov 13, 2009
Published online: Nov 23, 2009
Published in print: Aug 2010
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