Evaluation of Hydraulic Jacking Mechanism during In Situ Rock Grouting Using a Strain Energy Release Rate Method
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22, Issue 11
Abstract
During the hydraulic jacking process, the preexisting joints in a rock mass under grout pressure that exceeds the in-situ normal stress become unstable. This process thus causes the tensile opening and crack growth of joints. In this paper, we describe an analytical approach to evaluating the hydraulic jacking mechanism based on the strain energy release rate method (SERRM). By employing the first law of thermodynamics, it is shown that the amount of energy stored in a grout mixture is equal to the amount of energy released during crack growth. This concept helped us to develop the SERRM. Accordingly, the paper presents development of new analytical equations to determine the allowable grout pressure and length of the resulting crack growth. These equations are fracture-toughness dependent, so as to avoid causing unwanted deformations due to jacking during grouting. The proposed allowable grout pressure equation accorded very well with the existing empirical rules, field data obtained from the Sardasht Dam project, and with the results of a numerical method.
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Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to the companies Mahab Ghods and Sepasad Engineering Company (SEC) and Iran Water and Power resources development Company (IWPCO) for providing the facilities and databanks used during this study. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not of the companies that provided the data.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- a
- new length of rock joint;
- a0
- initial length of rock joint;
- E
- elasticity modulus of intact rock;
- fd
- Darcy friction factor;
- G(φ)
- total strain energy release rate;
- GI
- strain energy release rate of Mode I;
- GII
- strain energy release rate of Mode II;
- g
- acceleration of gravity;
- H
- depth of rock joint;
- hf
- limiting factor of grout flow into the joint;
- JRC
- joint roughness coefficient;
- Keq
- stress intensity factor in mixed mode;
- KI
- stress intensity factor of Mode І;
- KIC
- fracture toughness of rock;
- KII
- stress intensity factor of Mode ІI;
- k
- coefficient of earth stress ratio;
- Pc
- maximum allowable grout pressure;
- Pg
- grout pressure;
- Pmin
- local minimal load;
- Q
- volume of grout take;
- Re
- Reynolds number;
- T
- heat input;
- mean velocity of grout mixture;
- Vmax
- maximum velocity of grout mixture;
- v
- Poisson’s ratio;
- v(Δa − r)
- vertical displacement of near rock joint tip;
- Wex
- external work;
- whe
- hydraulic aperture of rock joint;
- w0
- initial physical aperture of rock joint;
- Γ
- total internal strain energy;
- Γe
- elastic internal strain energy;
- Γp
- plastic internal strain energy;
- γg
- unit weight of grout mixture;
- Δa
- length of crack growth;
- μg
- dynamic viscosity of grout mixture;
- ρg
- grout mixture density;
- σh
- horizontal stress;
- σn′
- normal stress;
- σv
- vertical stress;
- τg
- shear strength of grout mixture;
- τn′
- shear stress;
- τ0
- shear stress required to initiate flow of grout mixture;
- φ
- crack growth angle;
- Ω
- surface energy; and
- Ӄ
- kinetic energy.
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Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22 • Issue 11 • November 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 15, 2021
Accepted: Apr 30, 2022
Published online: Aug 23, 2022
Published in print: Nov 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2023
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