Horizontal Displacement of Urban Deep Excavated Walls Supported by Multistrands Anchors, Steel Piles, and In Situ Concrete Piles: Case Study
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21, Issue 1
Abstract
Deep excavations are commonly used in urban areas due to the extreme increase in ground worth. Stability and displacement of adjacent structures are two main design criteria in stabilized excavated walls. In this paper, one of the largest excavations in urban areas in Iran, the Farmanieh Project, is examined as a case study. The minimum and maximum depths of the excavation were about 26 and 45 m, respectively. Three different support systems including multistrand anchors, steel piles combined with multistrand anchors, and concrete piles combined with multistrand anchors were used. Owing to the limitation of lateral movement of adjacent buildings and urban facilities, the displacement of the excavated walls was controlled by precise instruments during and after the construction procedure to compare actual displacement and numerical analyses predictions. The results showed that if the construction procedure, including delays during the excavation procedure and vibration of construction machinery during drilling, the groundwater level, and soil properties were not properly taken into account, numerical analysis could be misleading in predicting wall displacement during deep excavations. Therefore, considering the factor of safety against displacement is as important as the factor of safety against failure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Addenbrooke, T. I., D. M. Potts, and B. Dabee. 2000. “Displacement flexibility number for multipropped retaining wall design.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 126 (8): 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:8(718).
ASTM. 1999. Standard test method for penetration test and split-barrel sampling of soils. ASTM D1586. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2000a. Standard test method for permeability of granular soils (constant head). ASTM D2434. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2000b. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM D4318. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2001. Standard test method for pH of soils. ASTM D4972. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2004a. Standard test methods for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils using incremental loading. ASTM D2435. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2004b. Standard test methods for particle-size distribution (gradation) of soils using sieve analysis. ASTM D6913. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2008. Standard test methods for downhole seismic testing. ASTM D7400. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test method for repetitive static plate load tests of soils and flexible pavement components, for use in evaluation and design of airport and highway pavements. ASTM D1195. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions. ASTM D3080. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bhatkar, T., D. Barman, A. Mandal, and A. Usmani. 2017. “Prediction of behaviour of a deep excavation in soft soil: A case study.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 11 (1): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1177309.
Brown, D. C. 2003. “Novel method of excavation.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 129 (2): 222–225. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2003)129:2(222).
BSI (British Standards Institute). 1990. Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. BS 1377: Part 7. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institute). 1994. Code of practice for earth retaining structures. BS 8002. London: BSI.
Chheng, C., and S. Likitlersuang. 2018. “Underground excavation behaviour in Bangkok using three-dimensional finite element method.” Comput. Geotech. 95: 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.09.016.
Chowdhury, S. S., K. Deb, and A. Sengupta. 2013. “Estimation of design parameters for braced excavation: Numerical study.” Int. J. Geomech. 13 (3): 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000207.
Clough, G. W., and J. M. Duncan. 1969. Finite element analyses of Port Allen and Old River Docks. Contract Rep. No. S-69-6. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineers, Water Ways Experiment Station.
Clough, G. W., and T. D. O’Rourke. 1990. “Construction induced movements of in situ walls.” In Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structure, Geotechnical Special Publication 25, edited by P. Lambe, 439–470. New York: ASCE.
Dan, K., and R. B. Sahu. 2018. “Estimation of ground movement and wall deflection in braced excavation by minimum potential energy approach.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (7): 04018068. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001105.
Finno, R. J., and M. Calvello. 2005. “Supported excavations: Observational method and inverse modeling.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (7): 826–836. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:7(826).
Finno, R. J., and I. S. Harahap. 1991. “Finite-element analyses of HDR-4 excavation.” J. Geotech. Eng. 117 (10): 1590–1609. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:10(1590).
Goh, A. T. C., F. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and H. Liu. 2017. “A simple estimation model for 3D braced excavation wall deflection.” Comput. Geotech. 83: 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.10.022.
Hashash, Y. M. A., S. Jung, and J. Ghaboussi. 2004. “Numerical implementation of a neural network based material model in finite-element analysis.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 59 (7): 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.905.
Hashash, Y. M. A., C. Marulanda, J. Ghaboussi, and S. Jung. 2006. “Novel approach to integration of numerical modeling and field observations for deep excavations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (8): 1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:8(1019).
Hashash, Y. M. A., and A. J. Whittle. 1996. “Ground movement prediction for deep excavations in soft clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (6): 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:6(474).
Hong, Y., C. W. W. Ng, G. B. Liu, and T. Liu. 2015. “Three-dimensional deformation behaviour of a multipropped excavation at a “greenfield” site at Shanghai soft clay.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 45: 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.09.012.
Hsieh, P. G., and C. Y. Ou. 1998. “Shape of ground surface settlement profiles caused by excavation.” Can. Geotech. J. 35 (6): 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-056.
Hsiung, B.-C. B. 2009. “A case study on the behaviour of a deep excavation in sand.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (4): 665–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.10.003.
Kang, X., Y. Cheng, and L. Ge. 2015. “Radial strain behaviors and stress state interpretation of soil under direct simple shear.” J. Test. Eval. 43 (6): 1594–1601. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20140202.
Kang, X., L. Ge, K.-T. Chang, and O.-L. Kwok Annie. 2016. “Strain-controlled cyclic simple shear tests on sand with radial strain measurements.” J. Mater. Civil. Eng. 28 (4): 04015169. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001458.
Konstantakos, D. C. 2008. “Online database of deep excavation performance and prediction.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. Case Histories Geotechnical Engineering, 1–13. Rolla, MO: Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology.
Kung, G. T., C. H. Juang, E. C. Hsiao, and Y. M. Hashash. 2007. “Simplified model for wall deflection and ground-surface settlement caused by braced excavation in clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (6): 731–747. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:6(731).
Leung, E. H., and C. W. Ng. 2007. “Wall and ground movements associated with deep excavations supported by cast in situ wall in mixed ground conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (2): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:2(129).
Li, M.-G., X. Xiao, J.-H. Wang, and J.-J. Chen. 2019. “Numerical study on responses of an existing metro line to staged deep excavations.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 85: 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.005.
Likitlersuang, S., S. Teachavorasinskun, C. Surarak, E. Oh, and A. Balasubramaniam. 2013. “Small strain stiffness and stiffness degradation curve of Bangkok clays.” Soil Found. 53 (4): 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.06.003.
Lim, A., and C.-Y. Ou. 2018. “Performance and three-dimensional analyses of a wide excavation in soft soil with strut-free retaining system.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (9): 05018007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001165.
Liu, G. B., C. W. W. Ng, and Z. W. Wang. 2005. “Observed performance of a deep multistrutted excavation in Shanghai soft clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (8): 1004–1013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:8(1004).
Liu, S., J. Yang, J. Fu, and X. Zheng. 2019. “Performance of a deep excavation irregular supporting structure subjected to asymmetric loading.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (7): 05019007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001468.
Long, M. 2001. “Database for retaining wall and ground movements due to deep excavations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (3): 203–224. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(203).
Ma, J., B. Berggren, P.-E. Bengtsson, H. Stille, and S. Hintze. 2009. “Behavior of anchored walls in soils overlying rock in Stockholm.” Int. J. Geoeng. Case Histories 2 (1): 1–23.
Mana, A. I., and G. W. Clough. 1981. “Prediction of movements for braced cuts in clay.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 107 (6): 759–777.
Mei, G. X., Q. M. Chen, and L. H. Song. 2009. “Model for predicting displacement-dependent lateral earth pressure.” Can. Geotech. J. 46 (8): 969–975. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-040.
Moormann, C. 2004. “Analysis of wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in soft soil based on a new worldwide database.” Soil Found. 44 (1): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.44.87.
Mu, L., and M. Huang. 2016. “Small strain based method for predicting three-dimensional soil displacements induced by braced excavation.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 52: 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.11.001.
Ng, C. W. W. 1999. “Stress paths in relation to deep excavations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (5): 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:5(357).
Ng, C. W. W., and R. W. M. Yan. 1998. “Stress transfer and deformation mechanisms around a diaphragm wall panel.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (7): 638–648. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:7(638).
Ni, P., G. Mei, Y. Zhao, and H. Chen. 2018. “Plane strain evaluation of stress paths for supported excavations under lateral loading and unloading.” Soil Found. 58 (1): 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.12.003.
Nogueira, C. D. L., F. R. D. Azevedo, and J. G. Zornberg. 2011. “Validation of coupled simulation of excavations in saturated clay: Camboinhas case history.” Int. J. Geomech. 11 (3): 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000077.
Osman, A. S., and M. D. Bolton. 2006. “Ground movement predictions for braced excavations in undrained clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (4): 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:4(465).
Ou, C. Y., P. G. Hsieh, and D. C. Chiou. 1993. “Characteristics of ground surface settlement during excavation.” Can. Geotech. J. 30 (5): 758–767. https://doi.org/10.1139/t93-068.
Ou, C. Y., J. T. Liao, and H. D. Lin. 1998. “Performance of diaphragm wall constructed using top-down method.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (9): 798–808. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(798).
Peck, R. B. 1969. “Deep excavations and tunneling in soft ground.” In Vol. 7 of Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 225–290. State College, PA: State-of-the-Art.
Sabatini P. J., D. G. Pass and R. C. Bachus. 1999. Geotechnical engineering circular No. 4, Ground anchors and anchored systems. Rep. No. FHWA-IF-99-015. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Seo, M. W., S. M. Olson, K. S. Yang, and M. M. Kim. 2010. “Sequential analysis of ground movements at three deep excavation sites with mixed ground profiles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (5): 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000257.
Su, Y. Y., Y. M. A. Hashash, and L. Y. Liu. 2006. “Integration of construction as-built data via laser scanning with geotechnical monitoring of urban excavation.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 132 (12): 1234–1241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:12(1234).
Wang, J., Z. H. Xu, and W. D. Wang. 2010. “Wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in Shanghai soft soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (7): 985–994. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000299.
Yang, M.-L., S.-J. Chen, and S.-T. Chen. 2006. “Innovative central opening strut system for foundation excavation.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 132 (1): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:1(58).
Yoo, C. 2001. “Behavior of braced and anchored walls in soils overlying rock.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 127 (3): 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(225).
Yoo, C., and D. Lee. 2008. “Deep excavation-induced ground surface movement characteristics–A numerical investigation.” Comput. Geotech. 35 (2): 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.05.002.
Zhang, L., X. Wu, and H. Liu. 2016. “Strategies to reduce ground settlement from shallow tunnel excavation: A Case Study in China.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 142 (5): 04016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001087.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 26, 2019
Accepted: Aug 12, 2020
Published online: Nov 10, 2020
Published in print: Jan 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 10, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.