Experimental Study of Reinforced Layered Rocks with a Hard–Weak–Hard Structure under Compression
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 11
Abstract
The failure mechanisms of unreinforced and reinforced layered rocks with various layer dip angles were analyzed using acoustic emission (AE) activities, failure modes, and load–displacement responses. The results indicate that the failure mode for both unreinforced and reinforced specimens changes from splitting in the hard layer to shearing in the weak interlayer as the interlayer dip angle increases. The presence of a rock bolt can greatly influence the load–displacement responses and the evolution of AE activities of reinforced layered rocks when the interlayer dip angle ranges from 45° to 60°. Only in this angle range can the rock bolts delay or prevent the formation of splitting cracks. There is a critical interlayer dip angle (60° in this study) at which both strengths for the unreinforced and reinforced specimens can achieve their lowest values. At this critical angle, the most significant reinforcement effect can be obtained. Further analysis indicates that at this critical angle the reinforcement effect decreases as the interlayer thickness and interlayer strength increase.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported the National Natural Science Fund of China (No. 51674100).
References
Abualnour, M., C. Abdelbaki, and H. Hebali. 2019. “Thermomechanical analysis of antisymmetric laminated reinforced composite plates using a new four variable trigonometric refined plate theory.” Comput. Concr. 24 (6): 489–498.
Alimirzaei, A., M. Mohammadimehr, and A. Tounsi. 2019. “Nonlinear analysis of viscoelastic micro-composite beam with geometrical imperfection using FEM: MSGT electro-magneto-elastic bending, buckling and vibration solutions.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 71 (5): 485–502.
Alneasan, M., M. Behnia, and R. Bagherpour. 2019. “Analytical investigations of interface crack growth between two dissimilar rock layers under compression and tension.” Eng. Geol. 259: 105188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105188.
Bai, T., D. D. Pollard, and H. Gao. 2000. “Explanation for fracture spacing in layered materials.” Nature 403 (677): 753–756. https://doi.org/10.1038/35001550.
Belbachir, N., M. Bourada, K. Draiche, A. Tounsi, F. Bourada, A. A. Bousahla, and S. R. Mahmoud. 2020. “Thermal flexural analysis of anti-symmetric cross-ply laminated plates using a four variable refined theory.” Smart Struct. Syst. 25 (4): 409–422.
Belbachir, N., K. Draiche, A. A. Bousahla, M. Bourada, A. Tounsi, and M. Mohammadimehr. 2019. “Bending analysis of anti-symmetric cross-ply laminated plates under nonlinear thermal and mechanical loadings.” Steel Compos. Struct. 33 (1): 913–924.
Bousahla, A. A., F. Bourada, S. R. Mahmoud, A. Tounsi, A. Algarni, E. A. Adda Bedia, and A. Tounsi. 2020. “Buckling and dynamic behavior of the simply supported CNT-RC beams using an integral-first shear deformation theory.” Comput. Concr. 25 (2): 155–166.
Brown, E. T. 1970. “Strength of models of rock with intermittent joints.” J. Soil. Mech. Found. Div. 96 (6): 1935–1949.
Dan, Y., K. Aterfi-Monfared, and C. Basaran. 2019. “Effects of rock layering on dynamic response of a gravity dam.” In Geo-Congress 2019: Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Geotechnical Special Publication 308, edited by C. L. Meehan, S. Kumar, M. A. Pando, and J. T. Coe, 275–284. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Debecker, B., and A. Vervoort. 2009. “Experimental observation of fracture patterns in layered slate.” Int. J. Fract. 159 (1): 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-009-9382-z.
Draiche, K., A. A. Bousahla, A. Tounsi, A. S. Alwabli, A. Tounsi, and S. R. Mahmoud. 2019. “Static analysis of laminated reinforced composite plates using a simple first-order shear deformation theory.” Comput. Concr. 24 (4): 369–378.
Grasselli, G. 2006. “Shear strength of rock joints based on quantified surface description.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 39 (4): 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-006-0100-0.
Hoek, E., and E. T. Brown. 1980. Underground excavations in rock, 137–162. London: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.
Jade, S., and T. G. Sitharam. 2003. “Characterization of strength and deformation of jointed rock mass based on statistical analysis.” Int. J. Geomech. 3 (1): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2003)3:1(43).
Liu, Y., F. Dai, T. Zhao, and N. Xu. 2017. “Numerical investigation of the dynamic properties of intermittent jointed rock models subjected to cyclic uniaxial compression.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50: 753–765.
McLamore, R., and K. E. Gray. 1967. “The mechanical behavior of anisotropic sedimentary rocks.” J. Eng. Ind. 89: 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3610013.
Mohammadi, M., and M. F. Hossaini. 2017. “Modification of rock mass rating system: Interbedding of strong and weak rock layers.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 9 (6): 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.06.002.
Nova, R. 1980. “The failure of transversely isotropic rocks in triaxial compression.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 17 (6): 325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(80)90515-X.
Pellet, F., and P. Egger. 1996. “Analytical model for the mechanical behaviour of bolted rock joints subjected to shearing.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 29 (2): 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079755.
Ramamurthy, T. 1993. “Strength and modulus responses of anisotropic rocks.” In Vol. 1 of Comprehensive rock engineering. Fundamentals, edited by J. A. Hudson, 313–329. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Roh, Y., G. Kim, I. Kim, J. Kim, S. Jeong, and J. Lee. 2019. “Lessons learned from field monitoring of instrumented piled-raff bearing in rock layer.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (8): 05019005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002078.
Sahla, M., H. Saidi, K. Draiche, A. A. Bousahla, F. Bourada, and A. Tounsi. 2019. “Free vibration analysis of angle-ply laminated composite and soft-core sandwich plates.” Steel Compos. Struct. 33 (5): 663–679.
Sakurai, S. 2010. “Modeling strategy for jointed rock masses reinforced by rock bolts in tunneling practice.” Acta Geotech. 5 (2): 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-010-0117-0.
Singh, M., and K. S. Rao. 2005. “Empirical methods to estimate the strength of jointed rock masses.” Eng. Geol. 77 (1–2): 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.09.001.
Taheri, S. R., A. Pak, S. Shad, B. Mehrgini, and M. Razifar. 2020. “Investigation of rock salt layer creep and its effects on casing collapse.” Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 30 (3): 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2020.02.001.
Tavallali, A., and A. Vervoort. 2010. “Effect of layer orientation on the failure of layered sandstone under Brazilian test conditions.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 47 (2): 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.01.001.
Tien, Y. M., and P. F. Tsao. 2000. “Preparation and mechanical properties of artificial transversely isotropic rock.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 37 (6): 1001–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00024-1.
Tsesarsky, M. 2012. “Deformation mechanisms and stability analysis of undermined sedimentary rocks in the shallow subsurface.” Eng. Geol. 133–134: 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.02.007.
Wasantha, P. L. P., P. G. Ranjith, and D. R. Viete. 2014. “Specimen slenderness and the influence of joint orientation on the uniaxial compressive strength.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (6): 06014002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000907.
Yaji, R. K. 1984. “Shear strength and deformation of jointed rocks.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
Yang, Z. Y., J. M. Chen, and T. H. Huang. 1998. “Effect of joint sets on the strength and deformation of rock mass models.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 35 (1): 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(98)80024-5.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20 • Issue 11 • November 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 27, 2020
Accepted: Jul 13, 2020
Published online: Aug 31, 2020
Published in print: Nov 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 31, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.