Cyclic Simple Shear Response of Sand–Rubber Tire Chip Mixtures
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 9
Abstract
The dynamic properties of mixtures of poorly graded sand and the fine rubber tire chips are assessed under undrained, strain-controlled cyclic simple shear (CSS) conditions. In this study, CSS equipment with a confining pressure system is used. The CSS tests are performed on the mixtures with rubber content of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, and 100% by weight prepared at relative densities in the range of 65%–80%. Tests are carried out at high shear strain amplitudes in the range of 0.15%–3% at various total vertical stress levels (50–200 kPa). The material and loading parameters such as rubber content, shear strain, frequency, total vertical stress, influencing the dynamic properties and the pore pressure responses of the mixtures are investigated. It was found that the mixture with 10% rubber content has better dynamic properties than other mixtures. In addition, the pore pressure development can be retarded by the use of the sand–rubber tire chip mixtures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Ministry of Earth Science, Government of India (MoEs/P.o.(seismo)/1 (248) / 2104 dated 16/09/2015) for the setup of the CSS apparatus in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Lab at IIT Madras, Chennai. The help and support offered by Mr. Nathan Vimalan, VJ Tech. Pvt. Ltd. UK towards cyclic simple shear training is deeply acknowledged.
References
Anastasiadis, A., K. Senetakis, and K. Pitilakis. 2012a. “Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-rubber and gravel-rubber mixtures.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 30 (2): 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9473-2.
Anastasiadis, A., K. Senetakis, K. Pitilakis, C. Gargala, I. Karakasi, T. Edil, and S. W. Dean. 2012b. “Dynamic behavior of sand/rubber mixtures. Part I: Effect of rubber content and duration of confinement on small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio.” J. ASTM Int. 9 (2): 103680. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI103680.
Anbazhagan, P., and D. R. Manohar. 2015. “Energy absorption capacity and shear strength characteristics of waste tire crumbs and sand mixtures.” Int. J. Geotech. Earthquake Eng. 6 (1): 28–49. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2015010103.
ASTM 2007. Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. ASTM D422-63. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM D2487-11. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM D854-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test methods for maximum index density and unit weight of soils using a vibratory table. ASTM D4253-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test methods for minimum index density and unit weight of soils and calculation of relative density. ASTM D4254-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for consolidated direct simple shear testing of fine grain soils. ASTM D6528-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bergado, D. T., S. Youwai, and A. Rittirong. 2005. “Strength and deformation characteristics of flat and cubical rubber tyre chip-sand mixtures.” Géotechnique 55 (8): 603–606. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.8.603.
Bjerrum, L., and A. Landva. 1966. “Direct simple shear tests on a Norwegian quick clay.” Géotechnique 16 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1966.16.1.1.
Boulanger, R. W., C. K. Chan, H. B. Seed, R. B. Seed, and J. Sousa. 1993. “A low-compliance bi-directional cyclic simple shear apparatus.” Geotech. Test. J. 16 (1): 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10265J.
Budhu, M., and A. Britto. 1987. “Numerical analysis of soils in simple shear devices.” Soils Found. 27 (2): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.27.2_31.
Carraro, J. A. H. 2017. “Analysis of simple shear tests with cell pressure confinement.” Geomech. Geoeng. 12 (3): 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2016.1193635.
Corte, M. B., L. Festugato, and N. C. Consoli. 2017. “Development of a cyclic simple shear apparatus.” Soils Rocks 40 (3): 279–289. https://doi.org/10.28927/SR.403279.
Das, B. M., and G. V. Ramana. 2011. Principles of soil dynamics. Delhi, India: Cengage Learning.
Dyvik, R., T. Berre, S. Lacasse, and B. Raadim. 1987. “Comparison of truly undrained and constant volume direct simple shear tests.” Géotechnique 37 (1): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1987.37.1.3.
Edincliler, A., A. F. Cabalar, A. Cagatay, and A. Cevik. 2012. “Triaxial compression behavior of sand and tire wastes using neural networks.” Neural Comput. Appl. 21 (3): 441–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-010-0430-4.
Ehsani, M., N. Shariatmadari, and S. M. Mirhosseini. 2015. “Shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-granulated rubber mixtures.” J. Central South Univ. 22 (8): 3159–3167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2853-7.
Feng, Z. Y., and K. G. Sutter. 2000. “Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures.” Geotech. Test. J. 23 (3): 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11055J.
Finn, W. D. L., D. J. Pickering, and P. L. Bransby. 1971. “Sand liquefaction in triaxial and simple shear tests.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div. 97 (4): 639–659.
Franke, E., M. Kiekbusch, and B. Schuppener. 1979. “A new direct simple shear device.” Geotech. Test. J. 2 (4): 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10457J.
Hazarika, H., and Y. Fukumoto. 2016. “Sustainable solution for seawall protection against tsunami-induced damage.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (5): C4016005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000687.
Hazarika, H., N. Igarashi, and Y. Yamada. 2011. “Behavior of granular and compressible geomaterial under cyclic loading.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 1–12. London: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Hazarika, H., J. Otani, and Y. Kikuchi. 2012. “Evaluation of tyre products as ground improving geomaterials.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 165 (4): 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.11.00013.
Hazarika, H., K. Yasuhara, Y. Kikuchi, A. K. Karmokar, and Y. Mitarai. 2010. “Multifaceted potentials of tire-derived three dimensional geosynthetics in geotechnical applications and their evaluation.” Geotext. Geomembr. 28 (3): 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.10.011.
Hazirbaba, K., and E. M. Rathje. 2004. “A comparison between in situ and laboratory measurements of pore water pressure generation.” In Proc. 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1220, 1–12. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Hyodo, M., S. Yamada, R. P. Orense, M. Okamoto, and H. Hazarika. 2008. “Undrained cyclic shear properties of tire chip-sand mixtures.” In Scrap tire derived geomaterials: Opputinities and challenges, edited by H. Hazarika, and K. Yasuhara, 187–196. London: Taylor and Francis.
Ishihara, K., and F. Yamazaki. 1980. “Cyclic simple shear tests on saturated sand in multi-directional loading.” Soils Found. 20 (1): 45–59. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.20.45.
Joer, H. A., C. T. Erbrich, and S. S. Sharma. 2011. “A new interpretation of the simple shear test.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics II, edited by S. Gourvenec, and D. White, 353–358.
Kammerer, A. M., J. Wu, M. Riemer, J. M. Pestana, and R. B. Seed. 2001. “Use of cyclic simple shear testing in evaluation of the deformation potential of liquefiable soils.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Paper No. 16, 1–7. Rolla: University of Missouri.
Kammerer, A. M, J. Wu, M. Riemer, J. M. Pestana, and R. B. Seed. 2004. “A new multi-directional direct simple shear testing database.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 2083, 1–15. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Kjellman, W. 1951. “Testing the shear strength of clay in Sweden.” Géotechnique 2 (3): 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1951.2.3.225.
Kramer, S. L. 1996. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Delhi, India: Pearson Education India.
Lee, J. H., R. Salgado, A. Bernall, and C. W. Lovell. 1999. “Shredded tires and rubber-sand as lightweight backfill.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (2): 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:2(132).
Li, B., M. Huang, and X. Zeng. 2016. “Dynamic behavior and liquefaction analysis of recycled-rubber sand mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (11): 04016122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001629.
Li, H., K. Senetakis, and A. Khoshghalb. 2019. “On the small-strain stiffness of polypropylene fibre-sand mixtures.” Geosynthetics Int. 26 (1): 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.18.00037.
Madhusudhan, B. R., A. Boominathan, and S. Banerjee. 2017. “Static and large-strain dynamic properties of sand-rubber tire shred mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (10): 04017165. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002016.
Madhusudhan, B. R., A. Boominathan, and S. Banerjee. 2018. “Comparison of cyclic triaxial test results on sand-rubber tire shred mixtures with dynamic simple shear test results.” In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V: Slope Stability and Landslides, Laboratory Testing, and In Situ Testing, Geotechnical Special Publication 293, edited by S. J. Brandenberg, and M. T. Manzari, 132–140. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Madhusudhan, B. R., A. Boominathan, and S. Banerjee. 2019a. “Factors affecting strength and stiffness of dry sand-rubber tire shred mixtures.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 37: 2763–2780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-00792-y.
Madhusudhan, B. R., A. Boominathan, and S. Banerjee. 2019b. “Engineering properties of sand-rubber tire shred mixtures.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1617479.
Mao, X., and M. Fahey. 2003. “Behaviour of calcareous soils in undrained cyclic simple shear.” Géotechnique 53 (8): 715–727. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.8.715.
Mashiri, M. S., J. S. Vinod, and M. N. Sheikh. 2016. “Constitutive model for sand-tire chip mixture.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (1): 04015022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000472.
Mashiri, M. S., J. S. Vinod, M. N. Sheikh, and H. H. Tsang. 2015. “Shear strength and dilatancy behaviour of sand-tyre chip mixtures.” Soils Found. 55 (3): 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.004.
Matsuda, H., A. P. Hendrawan, R. Ishikura, and S. Kawahara. 2011. “Effective stress change and post-earthquake settlement properties of granular materials subjected to multi-directional cyclic simple shear.” Soils Found. 51 (5): 873–884. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.873.
Mohajeri, M., and I. Towhata. 2003. “Stress-strain behavior of compacted sandy material under cyclic simple shear.” Soils Found. 43 (6): 75–89. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.6_75.
Nakhaei, A., S. M. Marandi, S. S. Kermani, and M. H. Bagheripour. 2012. “Dynamic properties of granular soils mixed with granulated rubber.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 43: 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.07.026.
Noorzad, R., and M. Raveshi. 2017. “Mechanical behavior of waste tire crumbs-sand mixtures determined by triaxial tests.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 35 (4): 1793–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0209-9.
Roscoe, K. H. 1953. “An apparatus for the application of simple shear to soil samples.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 186–191. Zurich: Organizing Committee, ICOSOMEF.
Rosenfield, J. 1985. Evaluation of USBR cyclic simple shear and cyclic triaxial apparatus for testing dynamic properties. Report No. GR-85-11. Denver: Engineering and Research Center.
Senetakis, K., A. Anastasiadis, and K. Pitilakis. 2012. “Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (SRM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitudes.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 33 (1): 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.10.003.
Sheikh, M. N., M. S. Mashiri, J. S. Vinod, and H. H. Tsang. 2013. “Shear and compressibility behavior of sand-tire crumb mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (10): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000696.
Silver, M. L., F. Tatsuoka, A. Phukunhaphan, and A. S. Avramidis. 1980. “Cyclic undrained strength of sand by triaxial and simple shear test.” In Vol. 3 of Proc., 7th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 281–288.
Sivathayalan, S., and D. Ha. 2004. “Effect of initial stress state on the cyclic simple shear behaviour of sands.” In Cyclic behaviour of soils and liquefaction phenomena, edited by T. Tirantafyllidis, 207–214. London: Taylor and Francis group.
Sivathayalan, S., and D. Ha. 2011. “Effect of static shear stress on the cyclic resistance of sands in simple shear loading.” Can. Geotech. J. 48 (10): 1471–1484. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-056.
Tsang, H. H., N. T. K. Lam, S. Y. Sabegh, M. N. Sheikh, and B. Indraratna. 2010. “Geotechnical seismic isolation by scrap tire-soil mixtures.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Paper No. 5. 1–9. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Tsoi, W. Y., and K. M. Lee. 2011. “Mechanical properties of cemented scrap rubber tyre chips.” Géotechnique 61 (2): 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.033.
Vucetic, M. 1998. “Damping at small strains in cyclic simple shear test.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (7): 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:7(585).
Vucetic, M., and S. Lacasse. 1982. “Specimen size effect in simple shear test.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 108 (12): 1567–1585.
Wijewickreme, D., A. Dabeet, and P. Byrne. 2013. “Some observations on the state of stress in the direct simple shear test using 3D discrete element analysis.” Geotech. Test. J. 36 (2): 20120066. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20120066.
Yoshimine, M., K. Ishihara, and W. Vargas. 1998. “Effects of principal stress direction and intermediate principal stress on undrained shear behavior of sand.” Soils Found. 38 (3): 179–188. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.3_179.
Zornberg, J. G., A. R. Cabral, and C. Viratjandr. 2004. “Behaviour of tire shred-sand mixtures.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (2): 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-086.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20 • Issue 9 • September 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 2, 2019
Accepted: Mar 23, 2020
Published online: Jun 17, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 17, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.