A Bounding Surface Viscoplasticity Model for Time-Dependent Behavior of Soils Including Primary and Tertiary Creep
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 9
Abstract
A viscoplastic model is presented for creep and strain rate behavior of soils with particular reference to capturing drained, undrained, primary, and tertiary creep. The model is formulated in the context of the bounding surface plasticity using the consistency viscoplastic framework and the critical state theory. The formulation proposed enables capturing the accumulation of viscoplastic strains upon loading and unloading as well as creep rupture observed in overconsolidated clay. The time-dependency of the soil response is accounted for by defining the size of the bounding surface as a function of viscoplastic volumetric strain and strain rate. The model meets the consistency condition and allows for a smooth transition from rate-dependent viscoplasticity to rate-independent plasticity. Simulation results and comparisons with experimental test data are presented for several drained and undrained creep tests, constant strain rate tests, and stress relaxation tests, to demonstrate the application of the constitutive model.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adachi, T., and F. Oka. 1982. “Constitutive equations for normally consolidated clay based on elasto-viscoplast.” Soils Found. 22 (4): 57–70. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.22.4_57.
Al-Shamrani, M. A., and S. Sture. 1998. “A time-dependent bounding surface model for anisotropic cohesive soils.” Soils Found. 38 (1): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.61.
Andersland, O. B., and B. Ladanyi. 2003. Frozen ground engineering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Arulanandan, K., C. K. Shen, and R. B. Young. 1971. “Undrained creep behaviour of a coastal organic silty clay.” Géotechnique 21 (4): 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1971.21.4.359.
Augustesen, A., M. Liingaard, and P. V. Lade. 2004. “Evaluation of time-dependent behavior of soils.” Int. J. Geomech. 4 (3): 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2004)4:3(137).
Azari, B., B. Fatahi, and H. Khabbaz. 2016. “Assessment of the elastic-viscoplastic behavior of soft soils improved with vertical drains capturing reduced shear strength of a disturbed zone.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (1): B4014001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000448.
Baral, P., C. Rujikiatkamjorn, B. Indraratna, S. Leroueil, and J. H. Yin. 2019. “Radial consolidation analysis using delayed consolidation approach.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 145 (10): 04019063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002100.
Bishop, A. W., and H. T. Lovenbury. 1969. “Creep characteristics of two undisturbed clays.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 29–37. Mexico: Sociedad Mexicana de Mecanica.
Bjerrum, L. 1967. “Engineering geology of Norwegian normally-consolidated marine clays as related to settlements of buildings.” Géotechnique 17 (2): 83–118. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.2.83.
Carter, J. P., M. Nazem, D. W. Airey, and S. H. Chow. 2010. “Dynamic analysis of free-falling penetrometers in soil deposits.” In GeoFlorida 2010: Advances in Analysis, Modeling & Design, edited by D. O. Fratta, A. J. Puppala, and B. Muhunthan, 53–68. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Cristescu, N., and I. Suliciu. 1982. Viscoplasticity. Mechanics of plastic solids. New York: Springer.
Dafalias, Y. F. 1982. “Bounding surface elastoplasticity- viscoplasticity for particulate cohesive media.” In Deformation and Failure of Granular Materials. IUTAM Symp., edited by P. A. Vermeer, and H. J. Luger, 97–107. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
Dafalias, Y. E., and E. P. Popov. 1975. “A model of nonlinearly hardening materials for complex loading.” Acta Mech. 21 (3): 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01181053.
Darabi, M. K., R. K. Abu Al-Rub, E. A. Masad, and D. N. Little. 2012. “A thermodynamic framework for constitutive modeling of time- and rate-dependent materials. Part II: Numerical aspects and application to asphalt concrete.” Int. J. Plast. 35: 67–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.02.003.
Debernardi, D., and G. Barla. 2009. “New viscoplastic model for design analysis of tunnels in squeezing conditions.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 42 (2): 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-009-0174-6.
Desai, C. S., and R. H. Gallagher. 1984. Mechanics of engineering materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Di Benedetto, H., F. Tatsuoka, and M. Ishihara. 2002. “Time-dependent shear deformation characteristics of sand and their constitutive modelling.” Soils Found. 42 (2): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.2_1.
Dixon, D. A., M. N. Gray, and A. W. Thomas. 1985. “A study of the compaction properties of potential clay—sand buffer mixtures for use in nuclear fuel waste disposal.” Eng. Geol. 21 (3–4): 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(85)90015-8.
Fabre, G., and F. Pellet. 2006. “Creep and time-dependent damage in argillaceous rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 43 (6): 950–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.02.004.
Fatahi, B., T. M. Le, M. Q. Le, and H. Khabbaz. 2013. “Soil creep effects on ground lateral deformation and pore water pressure under embankments.” Geomech. Geoeng. 8 (2): 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2012.727037.
Fell, R., O. Hungr, S. Leroueil, and W. Riemer. 2000. “Keynote lecture–Geotechnical engineering of the stability of natural slopes, and cuts and fills in soil.” In Proc. GeoEng2000, Int. Conf. on Geotechnical and Geol. Eng., 21–120. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing.
Fish, A. M. 1984. “Thermodynamic model of creep at constant stress and constant strain rate.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 9 (2): 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(84)90006-5.
Ghaboussi, J., and G. Gioda. 1977. “On the time-dependent effects in advancing tunnels.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 1 (3): 249–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610010303.
Ghiabi, H., and A. P. Selvadurai. 2009. “Time-dependent mechanical behavior of a granular medium used in laboratory investigations.” Int. J. Geomech. 9 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2009)9:1(1).
Hayano, K., M. Matsumoto, F. Tatsuoka, and J. Koseki. 2001. “Evaluation of time-dependent deformation properties of sedimentary soft rock and their constitutive modeling.” Soils Found. 41 (2): 21–38. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.2_21.
Higgins, W., T. Chakraborty, and D. Basu. 2013. “A high strain-rate constitutive model for sand and its application in finite-element analysis of tunnels subjected to blast.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 37 (15): 2590–2610. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2153.
Hunter, G. J., and N. Khalili. 2000. “A simple criterion for creep induced failure of over-consolidated clays.” In Proc., GeoEng 2000 Conf. Melbourne, Australia: International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.
Imai, G., and Y.-X. Tang. 1992. “A constitutive equation of one-dimensional consolidation derived from inter-connected tests.” Soils Found. 32 (2): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.2_83.
Indraratna, B., P. Baral, C. Rujikiatkamjorn, and D. Perera. 2018. “Class A and C predictions for Ballina trial embankment with vertical drains using standard test data from industry and large diameter test specimens.” Comput. Geotech. 93: 232–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.06.013.
Islam, M. N., and C. T. Gnanendran. 2017. “Elastic-viscoplastic model for clays: Development, validation, and application.” J. Eng. Mech. 143 (10): 04017121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001345.
Jiang, J., H. I. Ling, and V. N. Kaliakin. 2017. “On a damage law for creep rupture of clays with accumulated inelastic deviatoric strain as a damage measure.” Mech. Res. Commun. 83: 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2017.03.003.
Jiang, J., H. I. Ling, V. N. Kaliakin, X. Zeng, and C. Hung. 2016. “Evaluation of an anisotropic elastoplastic–viscoplastic bounding surface model for clays.” Acta Geotech.12: 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0471-7.
Kaliakin, V. N., and Y. F. Dafalias. 1990a. “Theoretical aspects of the elastoplastic-viscoplastic bounding surface model for cohesive soils.” Soils Found. 30 (3): 11–24. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.3_11.
Kaliakin, V. N., and Y. F. Dafalias. 1990b. “Verification of the elastoplastic-viscoplastic bounding surface model for cohesive soils.” Soils Found. 30 (3): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.3_25.
Kaliakin, V. N., A. Nieto-Leal, and M. Mashayekhi. 2018. “Modeling the time-and temperature-dependent response of cohesive soils in a generalized bounding surface framework.” Transport. Infrastr. Geotech. 5 (3): 250–286.
Katona, M. G. 1984. “Evaluation of viscoplastic cap model.” J. Geotech. Eng. 110 (8): 1106–1125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1984)110:8(1106).
Kelly, R. B., J. A. Pineda, L. Bates, L. P. Suwal, and A. Fitzallen. 2017. “Site characterisation for the Ballina field testing facility.” Géotechnique 67 (4): 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.211.
Khalili, N., M. A. Habte, and S. Valliappan. 2005. “A bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic loading of granular soils.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 63 (14): 1939–1960. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1351.
Khalili, N., M. A. Habte, and S. Zargarbashi. 2008. “A fully coupled flow deformation model for cyclic analysis of unsaturated soils including hydraulic and mechanical hystereses.” Comput. Geotech. 35 (6): 872–889.
Khalili, N., and M. D. Liu. 2008. “On generalization of constitutive models from two dimensions to three dimensions.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 32 (17): 2045–2065. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.740.
Kim, Y. T., and S. Leroueil. 2001. “Modeling the viscoplastic behaviour of clays during consolidation: Application to Berthierville clay in both laboratory and field conditions.” Can. Geotech. J. 38 (3): 484–497. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-108.
Kimoto, S. 2002. “Constitutive models for geomaterials considering structural changes and anisotropy.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto Univ.
Kimoto, S., and F. Oka. 2005. “An elasto-viscoplastic model for clay considering destructuralization and consolidation analysis of unstable behavior.” Soils Found. 45 (2): 29–42. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.45.2_29.
Kimoto, S., B. Shahbodagh, M. Mirjalili, and F. Oka. 2015. “Cyclic elastoviscoplastic constitutive model for clay considering nonlinear kinematic hardening rules and structural degradation.” Int. J. Geomech. 15 (5): A4014005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000327.
Kutter, B. L., and N. Sathialingam. 1992. “Elastic-viscoplastic modelling of the rate-dependent behaviour of clays.” Géotechnique 42 (3): 427–441. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1992.42.3.427.
Lade, P. V., C. D. Liggio, Jr., and J. Nam. 2009. “Strain rate, creep, and stress drop-creep experiments on crushed coral sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (7): 941–953. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000067.
Laloui, L., S. Leroueil, and S. Chalindar. 2008. “Modelling the combined effect of strain rate and temperature on one-dimensional compression of soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (12): 1765–1777. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-093.
Le, T. M., B. Fatahi, and H. Khabbaz. 2012. “Viscous behaviour of soft clay and inducing factors.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 30 (5): 1069–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9535-0.
Lefebvre, G. 1981. “Fourth Canadian geotechnical colloquium: Strength and slope stability in Canadian soft clay deposits.” Can. Geotech. J. 18 (3): 420–442. https://doi.org/10.1139/t81-047.
Leroueil, S. 2006. “The isotache approach–Where are we 50 years after its development by professor Šuklje? Prof. Šuklje’s Memorial Lecture.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 13th Danube-European Conf. on Geotechnical Engineering, 55–88. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Slovenian Geotechnical Society.
Leroueil, S., M. Kabbaj, F. Tavenas, and R. Bouchard. 1985. “Stress-strain-strain rate relation for compressibility of sensitive natural clays.” Géotechnique 35 (2): 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1985.35.2.159.
Liingaard, M., A. Augustesen, and P. V. Lade. 2004. “Characterization of models for time-dependent behavior of soils.” Int. J. Geomech. 4 (3): 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2004)4:3(157).
Liu, H., and H. I. Ling. 2007. “Unified elastoplastic-viscoplastic bounding surface model of geosynthetics and its applications to geosynthetic reinforced soil-retaining wall analysis.” J. Eng. Mech. 133 (7): 801–815.
Marques, M. E. S., S. Leroueil, and M. D. S. Soares de Almeida. 2004. “Viscous behaviour of St-Roch-de-l’Achigan clay, Quebec.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (1): 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-068.
Matsui, T., and N. Abe. 1985. “Elasto/viscoplastic constitutive equation of normally consolidated clays based on flow surface theory.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Nagoya, Japan, 407–413.
Mesri, G., and P. M. Godlewski. 1977. “Time-and stress-compressibility interrelationship.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 103 (5): 417–430.
Miura, K., Y. Okui, and H. Horii. 2003. “Micromechanics-based prediction of creep failure of hard rock for long-term safety of high-level radioactive waste disposal system.” Mech. Mater. 35 (3–6): 587–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6636(02)00286-7.
Modaressi, H., and L. Laloui. 1997. “A thermo-viscoplastic constitutive model for clays.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 21 (5): 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199705)21:5%3C313::AID-NAG872%26gt;3.0.CO;2-5.
Mroz, Z. 1967. “On the description of anisotropic work hardening.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids 15 (3): 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(67)90030-0.
Mroz, Z., V. A. Norris, and O. C. Zienkiewicz. 1981. “An anisotropic, critical state model for soils subject to cyclic loading.” Géotechnique 31 (4): 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1981.31.4.451.
Murayama, S., and T. Shibata. 1958. On the rheological characters of clay, 1–43. Bulletin No. 26. Kyoto, Japan: Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Unin.
Murayama, S., and T. Shibata. 1961. “Rheological properties of clays.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf., S.M.F.E., 269–274. Paris, France: Dunod Publishers.
Naghdi, P. M., and S. A. Murch. 1963. “On the mechanical behavior of viscoelastic/plastic solids.” J. Appl. Mech. 30 (3): 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3636556.
Nash, D. F. T., G. C. Sills, and L. R. Davison. 1992. “One-dimensional consolidation testing of soft clay from Bothkennar.” Géotechnique 42 (2): 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1992.42.2.241.
Nazem, M., J. P. Carter, D. W. Airey, and S. H. Chow. 2012. “Dynamic analysis of a smooth penetrometer free-falling into uniform clay.” Géotechnique 62 (10): 893–905. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.055.
Oka, F. 2005. “Computational modeling of large deformations and the failure of geomaterials.” In Vol. 16 of Proc., Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 47–94. Rotterdam, Netherlands: AA Balkema.
Oka, F., T. Adachi, and A. Yashima. 1994. “Instability of an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model for clay and strain localization.” Mech. Mater. 18 (2): 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)00007-7.
Oka, F., T. Adachi, and A. Yashima. 1995. “A strain localization analysis using a viscoplastic softening model for clay.” Int. J. Plast. 11 (5): 523–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-6419(95)00020-8.
Oka, F., and S. Kimoto. 2012. Computational modeling of multiphase geomaterials. London: CRC press.
Oka, F., B. Shahbodagh, and S. Kimoto. 2019. “A computational model for dynamic strain localization in unsaturated elasto-viscoplastic soils.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 43 (1): 138–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2857.
Oldecop, L. A., and E. A. Alonso. 2007. “Theoretical investigation of the time-dependent behaviour of rockfill.” Géotechnique 57 (3): 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.3.289.
Olszak, W., and P. Perzyna. 1970. “Stationary and non-stationary visco-plasticity.” In: Inelastic behaviour of solids, edited by M. F. Kanninen, W. F. Adler, A. R. Rosenfield, and R. I. Jaffee, 53–75. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Park, D., and Y. M. A. Hashash. 2008. “Rate-dependent soil behavior in seismic site response analysis.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (4): 454–469. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-090.
Perzyna, P. 1963. “On the constitutive equations for work-hardening and rate sensitive plastic materials.” Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Sci. Tech. 12: 199–206.
Perzyna, P. 1966. Fundamental problems in viscoplasticity. Advances in applied mechanics. New York: Academic Press.
Pineda, J. A., L. P. Suwal, R. B. Kelly, L. Bates, and S. W. Sloan. 2016. “Characterisation of Ballina clay.” Géotechnique 66 (7): 556–577. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.181.
Qiao, Y., A. Ferrari, L. Laloui, and W. Ding. 2016. “Nonstationary flow surface theory for modeling the viscoplastic behaviors of soils.” Comput. Geotech. 76: 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.02.015.
Richardson, A. M., and R. V. Whitman. 1963. “Effect of strain-rate upon undrained shear resistance of a saturated remoulded fat clay.” Géotechnique 13 (4): 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1963.13.4.310.
Sabetamal, H., J. P. Carter, M. Nazem, and S. W. Sloan. 2016. “Coupled analysis of dynamically penetrating anchors.” Comput. Geotech. 77: 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.04.005.
Sadeghi, H., S. Kimoto, F. Oka, and B. Shahbodagh. 2014. “Dynamic analysis of river embankments during earthquakes using a finite deformation FE analysis method.” In Proc., 14th Int. Conf. of the Int. Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, edited by Oka, F., A. Murakami, R. Uzuoka, and S. Kimoto, 637–642. Kyoto, Japan: Kyoto University.
Sekiguchi, H. 1984. “Theory of undrained creep rupture of normally consolidated clay based on elasto-viscoplasticity.” Soils Found. 24 (1): 129–147. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.24.129.
Selvadurai, A. P. S. 1991. “Settlement of an embedded nuclear waste container due to creep of a surrounding geological barrier.” MRS Online Proc. Lib. Arch. 257: 575. https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-257-575.
Selvadurai, A. P. S., and J. Hu. 1995. “The axial loading of foundations embedded in frozen soils.” In Proc., 5th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., 488–495.
Selvadurai, A.P.S., and J. Hu. 1996. “The axial loading of foundations embedded in frozen soils.” Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng. 6: 96–103.
Selvadurai, A. P. S., J. Hu, and I. Konuk. 1999. “Computational modelling of frost heave induced soil–pipeline interaction: II. Modelling of experiments at the Caen test facility.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 29 (3): 229–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(99)00029-4.
Selvadurai, A. P. S., and K. Sepehr. 1999a. “Two-dimensional discrete element simulations of ice–structure interaction.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 36 (31–32): 4919–4940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00272-8.
Selvadurai, A. P. S., and K. Sepehr. 1999b. “Discrete element modelling of fragmentable geomaterials with size dependent strength.” Eng. Geol. 53 (3–4): 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00039-3.
Shahbodagh, B. 2011. “Large deformation dynamic analysis method for partially saturated elasto-viscoplastic soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto Univ.
Shahbodagh, B., M. A. Habte, A. Khoshghalb, and N. Khalili. 2017. “A bounding surface elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model for non-isothermal cyclic analysis of asphaltic materials.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 41 (5): 721–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2574.
Shahbodagh, B., M. Mirjalili, S. Kimoto, and F. Oka. 2014. “Dynamic analysis of strain localization in water-saturated clay using a cyclic elasto-viscoplastic model.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 38 (8): 771–793. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2221.
Shahbodagh, B., H. Sadeghi, S. Kimoto, and F. Oka. 2020. “Large deformation and failure analysis of river embankments subjected to seismic loading.” Acta Geotech. 15: 1381–1408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00861-3.
Sherard, J. L., and J. B. Cooke. 1987. “Concrete-face rockfill dam: I. Assessment.” J. Geotech. Eng. 113 (10): 1096–1112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:10(1096).
Snead, D. E. 1970. “Creep rupture of saturated undisturbed clays.” Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Šuklje, L. 1957. “The analysis of the consolidation process by the isotache method.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 200–206.
Tavenas, F., and S. Leroueil. 1981. “Creep and failure of slopes in clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 18 (1): 106–120. https://doi.org/10.1139/t81-010.
Tavenas, F., S. Leroueil, P. LaRochelle, and M. Roy. 1978. “Creep behaviour of an undisturbed lightly overconsolidated clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 15 (3): 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1139/t78-037.
Terzaghi, K. 1936. The shearing resistance of saturated soils. In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics, 54–56. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Watabe, Y., and S. Leroueil. 2015. “Modeling and implementation of the isotache concept for long-term consolidation behavior.” Int. J. Geomech. 15 (5): A4014006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000270.
Watabe, Y., K. Udaka, Y. Nakatani, and S. Leroueil. 2012. “Long-term consolidation behavior interpreted with isotache concept for worldwide clays.” Soils Found. 52 (3): 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.005.
Whitman, R. V. 1970. The response for soils to dynamic loading: Report 26, Final Report. Contract Rep. No. 3-26. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers.
Xu, T. H., and L. M. Zhang. 2015. “Numerical implementation of a bounding surface plasticity model for sand under high strain-rate loadings in LS-DYNA.” Comput. Geotech. 66: 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.02.002.
Yamamuro, J. A., A. E. Abrantes, and P. V. Lade. 2011. “Effect of strain rate on the stress-strain behavior of sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 137 (12): 1169–1178. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000542.
Yang, C., and J. P. Carter. 2017. “Isotach elastoplasticity: A case study on Osaka Bay Clay.” Indian Geotech. J. 47 (2): 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-016-0206-6.
Yang, C., J. P. Carter, D. Sheng, and S. W. Sloan. 2016. “An isotach elastoplastic constitutive model for natural soft clay.” Comput. Geotech. 77: 134–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.04.011.
Yin, J. H. 1999. “Non-linear creep of soils in oedometer tests.” Géotechnique 49 (5): 699–707. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.5.699.
Yin, J.-H., and J. Graham. 1989. “Viscous-elastic-plastic modelling of one-dimensional time-dependent behaviour of clays.” Can. Geotech. J. 26 (2): 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1139/t89-029.
Yin, J.-H., and J. Graham. 1999. “Elastic viscoplastic modelling of the time-dependent stress-strain behaviour of soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 36 (4): 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-042.
Yin, Z. Y., M. Karstunen, C. S. Chang, M. Koskinen, and M. Lojander. 2011. “Modeling time-dependent behavior of soft sensitive clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 137 (11): 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000527.
Zhu, J. 2000. Experimental study and elastic visco-plastic modelling of the time-dependent stress-strain behaviour of Hong Kong marine deposits. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.
Zienkiewicz, O. C., and I. C. Cormeau. 1974. “Visco-plasticity-plasticity and creep in elastic solids—A unified numerical solution approach.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 8 (4): 821–845. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080411.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20 • Issue 9 • September 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 8, 2019
Accepted: Feb 24, 2020
Published online: Jun 17, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 17, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.