Characteristics of Microseismicity during Breakthrough in Deep Tunnels: Case Study of Jinping-II Hydropower Station in China
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 2
Abstract
Rockbursts are a common form of disaster that occur during the construction of deep tunnels in hard rock. This is especially the case in the breakthrough stage of excavation, when even more attention should be paid to the risk of rockburst in order to ensure construction safety. This work studied the characteristics of the microseismicity associated with 10 breakthrough cases in the deep tunnels (maximal depth 2,525 m) of the Jinping-II Hydropower Station in China. The results showed that the microseismicity was relatively more active in the breakthrough period (compared with that in adjacent sections) due to the effect of working two faces in tandem and was concentrated in the breakthrough section. Furthermore, the characteristic -value associated with the seismic energy–potency relationship was larger, indicating that the apparent stress was greater in the breakthrough section. Spatiotemporal changes in microseismicity that are associated with rockburst development were found in the breakthrough section which can be used to qualitatively warn of the risk of rockburst. Rockburst risk can be quantitatively assessed during tunnel breakthrough based on the monitored microseismicity and a quantitative method of rockburst warning. Based on results thus obtained, the rockburst risk in the breakthrough section was found to increase continuously as the distance between the two working faces decreased. When both working faces are excavated in the breakthrough section, the quantitative risk of rockburst increases significantly. However, when only one working face is in action, the quantitative risk of rockburst increases only slightly. The results of this work will be helpful in warning of impending rockbursts, and thus improving the safety of the construction process, when breakthrough is carried out in deep tunnels excavated in hard rock.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The MS monitoring data and the rockburst case data during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51621006 and 51709256).
References
Amidzic, D. 2005. “Energy-moment relation and its application.” In Controlling Seismic Risk-Proc., 6th Int. Symp. on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines, edited by Y. Potvin and M. Hudyma, 509–513. Crawley, Australia: Australian Centre for Geomechanics.
Becka, D. A., and B. H. G. Brady. 2002. “Evaluation and application of controlling parameters for seismic events in hard-rock mines.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 39 (5): 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00061-8.
Cao, A. Y., L. M. Dou, C. B. Wang, X. X. Yao, J. Y. Dong, and Y. Gu. 2016. “Microseismic precursory characteristics of rock burst hazard in mining areas near a large residual coal pillar: A case study from Xuzhuang coal mine, Xuzhou, China.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (11): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1036-7.
Chen, B. R., X. T. Feng, Q. P. Li, R. Z. Luo, and S. J. Li. 2015. “Rockburst intensity classification based on the radiated energy with damage intensity at Jinping II Hydropower Station, China.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48 (1): 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0524-2.
Cheng, G. W., T. H. Ma, C. A. Tang, H. Y. Liu, and S. J. Wang. 2017. “A zoning model for coal mining-induced strata movement based on microseismic monitoring.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 94 (Apr): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.03.001.
Dai, F., B. Li, N. W. Xu, Y. L. Fan, and C. Q. Zhang. 2016. “Deformation forecasting and stability analysis of large-scale underground powerhouse caverns from microseismic monitoring.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 86 (Jul): 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.05.001.
Dai, F., B. Li, N. W. Xu, and Y. G. Zhu. 2017. “Microseismic early warning of surrounding rock mass deformation in the underground powerhouse of the Houziyan hydropower station, China.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 62 (Feb): 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.11.009.
Dong, L. J., J. Wesseloo, Y. Potvin, and X. B. Li. 2016a. “Discriminant models of blasts and seismic events in mine seismology.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 86 (Jul): 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.04.021.
Dong, L. J., J. Wesseloo, Y. Potvin, and X. B. Li. 2016b. “Discrimination of mine seismic events and blasts using the Fisher classifier, naive Bayesian classifier and logistic regression.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (1): 183–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0733-y.
Feng, G. L., X. T. Feng, B. R. Chen, and Y. X. Xiao. 2015a. “Microseismic sequences associated with rockbursts in the tunnels of the Jinping II hydropower station.” Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. 80 (Dec): 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.06.011.
Feng, G. L., X. T. Feng, B. R. Chen, Y. X. Xiao, and Q. Jiang. 2015b. “Sectional velocity model for microseismic source location in tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 45 (Jan): 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.09.007.
Feng, G. L., X. T. Feng, B. R. Chen, Y. X. Xiao, and Y. Yu. 2015c. “A microseismic method for dynamic warning of rockburst development processes in tunnels.” Rock Mech. Rock. Eng. 48 (5): 2061–2076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0689-3.
Feng, G. L., X. T. Feng, B. R. Chen, Y. X. Xiao, and Z. N. Zhao. 2019. “Effects of structural planes on the microseismicity associated with rockburst development processes in deep tunnels of the Jinping-II Hydropower Station, China.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 84 (Feb): 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.008.
Feng, X. T., et al. 2012. “Study on the evolution process of rockbursts in deep tunnels.” J. Rock. Mech. Geo. Eng. 4 (4): 289–295. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2012.00289.
Feng, X. T. 2017. Rockburst: Mechanism, monitoring, warning and mitigation Elsevier-Health Sciences.
Feng, X. T., B. R. Chen, C. Q. Zhang, S. J. Li, and S. Y. Wu. 2013. Mechanism, warning, and dynamic control of rockburst development processes. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Science.
Feng, X. T., Z. B. Yao, S. J. Li, S. Y. Wu, C. X. Yang, H. S. Guo, and S. Zhong. 2018. “In situ observation of hard surrounding rock displacement at 2400-m-deep tunnels.” Rock Mech. Rock. Eng. 51 (3): 873–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1371-3.
Hedley, D. G. F. 1992. Rockburst handbook for Ontario hardrock mines: CANMET SP92-1E. Ottawa: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada.
Kaiser, P. K. 2009. “Seismic hazard evaluation in underground construction.” In Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Rock Burst and Seismicity in Mines, 1–26. New York: Renton.
Kaiser, P. K., D. D. Tannant, and D. R. McCreath. 1996. Canadian rockburst support handbook. Sudbury, Canada: Geomechanics Research Centre, Laurentian Univ.
Li, A., F. Dai, N. V. Xu, G. K. Gu, and Z. H. Hu. 2019. “Analysis of a complex flexural toppling failure of large underground caverns in layered rock masses.” Rock Mech. Rock. Eng. 52 (9): 3157–3181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01760-5.
Li, T., M. F. Cai, and M. Cai. 2007. “A review of mining-induced seismicity in China.” Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. 44 (8): 1149–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.06.002.
Li, X. B., F. Q. Gong, M. Tao, L. J. Dong, K. Du, C. D. Ma, Z. L. Zhou, and T. B. Yin. 2017. “Failure mechanism and coupled static-dynamic loading theory in deep hard rock mining: A review.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 9 (4): 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.04.004.
Liu, J. P., Y. H. Li, and S. D. Xu. 2018. “Relationship between microseismic activities and mining parameters during deep mining process.” J. Appl. Geophys. 159 (Dec): 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.10.018.
Lu, C. P., L. M. Dou, N. Zhang, J. H. Xue, X. N. Wang, H. Liu, and J. W. Zhang. 2013. “Microseismic frequency-spectrum evolutionary rule of rockburst triggered by roof fall.” Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. 64 (6): 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.08.022.
Lu, C. P., G. J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Zhang, J. H. Xue, and L. Zhang. 2015. “Microseismic multi-parameter characteristics of rockburst hazard induced by hard roof fall and high stress concentration.” Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. 76 (Jun): 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.02.005.
Ma, K., C. A. Tang, Z. Z. Liang, D. Y. Zhuang, and Q. B. Zhang. 2017. “Stability analysis and reinforcement evaluation of high-steep rock slope by microseismic monitoring.” Eng. Geol. 218 (Feb): 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.12.020.
Ma, K., C. A. Tang, L. X. Wang, W. D. Zhang, and L. Wang. 2015. “Rockburst characteristics and microseismic monitoring of deep-buried tunnels for Jinping II Hydropower Station.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 49 (Jun): 345–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.04.016.
Mendecki, A. J. 1993. “Real time quantitative seismology in mines.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Rock-bursts and Seismicity in Mines, 287–295. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Mendecki, A. J. 1997. Seismic monitoring in mines. London: Chapman & Hall.
Poplawski, R. F. 1997. “Seismic parameters and rockburst hazard at Mt Charlotte mine.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 34 (8): 1213–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(97)80072-X.
Salvoni, M., and P. M. Dight. 2016. “Rock damage assessment in a large unstable slope from microseismic monitoring—MMG Century mine (Queensland, Australia) case study.” Eng. Geol. 210 (Aug): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.06.002.
Shan, Z., and P. Yan. 2010. “Management of rock bursts during excavation of the deep tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 69 (3): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0266-2.
Trifu, C. I., and F. T. Suorineni. 2009. “Use of MS monitoring for rockburst management at VALE INCO mines.” In Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Rock burst and Seismicity in Mines, edited by C. A. Tang, 1105–1114. New York: Renton.
Wang, P., L. S. Jiang, J. Q. Jiang, and P. Q. Zheng. 2018. “Strata behaviors and rock burst–inducing mechanism under the coupling effect of a hard, thick stratum and a normal fault.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (2): 04017135. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001044.
Xu, N. W., T. B. Li, F. Dai, B. Li, Y. G. Zhu, and D. S. Yang. 2015. “Microseismic monitoring and stability evaluation for the large scale underground caverns at the Houziyan hydropower station in Southwest China.” Eng. Geol. 188 (Apr): 48–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.020.
Xu, N. W., T. B. Li, F. Dai, R. Zhang, C. A. Tang, and L. X. Tang. 2016. “Microseismic monitoring of strainburst activities in deep tunnels at the Jinping II hydropower station, China.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (3): 981–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0784-0.
Yu, Y., B. R. Chen, C. J. Xu, X. H. Diao, L. H. Tong, and Y. F. Shi. 2017. “Analysis for microseismic energy of immediate rockbursts in deep tunnels with different excavation methods.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (5): 04016119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000805.
Yu, Y., D. X. Geng, L. H. Tong, X. S. Zhao, X. H. Diao, and L. H. Huang. 2018. “Time fractal behavior of microseismic events for different intensities of immediate rock bursts.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (7): 06018016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001221.
Zhang, C. Q., X. T. Feng, and H. Zhou. 2012. “Estimation of in situ stress along deep tunnels buried in complex geological conditions.” Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. 52 (Jun): 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.03.016.
Zhang, J. F., F. X. Jiang, S. T. Zhu, and L. Zhang. 2016. “Width design for gobs and isolated coal pillars based on overall burst-instability prevention in coal mines.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 8 (4): 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.12.006.
Zhang, K., T. H. Yang, H. B. Bai, and R. P. Gamage. 2018. “Longwall mining–induced damage and fractures: Field measurements and simulation using FDM and DEM coupled method.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (1): 04017127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001040.
Zhao, Z. N., X. T. Feng, B. R. Chen, G. L. Feng, and T. Y. Chen. 2013. “Study of relativity between rockburst and MS activity zone in deep tunnel.” [In Chinese.] Rock Soil. Mech. 34 (2): 491–497. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2013.02.037.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 16, 2019
Accepted: Jul 11, 2019
Published online: Dec 6, 2019
Published in print: Feb 1, 2020
Discussion open until: May 6, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.