Load-Displacement Relationship of Single Piles in Clay Considering Different Tip Grouting Volumes and Grouting Returned Heights
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 2
Abstract
A total of five model nondisplacement piles tests were conducted to analyze the different volumes of tip grouting on the pile load-displacement response. The ultimate compressive bearing capacity of single piles with different tip grouting volumes is higher than that of the nongrouting test pile by 37.5%–112.5%. In addition, the height of the grouting returned is approximately 14 times the pile diameter (approximately 0.65 m) above the pile tip. A simple analytical method is presented for nonlinear analysis of the load-displacement response of a single postgrouting pile, considering different tip grouting volumes and grouting returned heights. Two models are adopted in the proposed approach. One model uses a modified hyperbolic model, which introduces the enhancement coefficients and to describe the contribution of the grouting returned on the pile shaft resistance-displacement relationship. The other model is based on test results that capture the pile tip resistance-displacement response at the pile tip. In addition, a highly effective algorithm is proposed for the analysis of the load-displacement behavior of a single postgrouting pile based on the two models. Comparisons are made among the results of the present method, model test measurements, another analytical method, and two field cases study measurements. The comparisons show that the results of the present method are in good agreement with the measured results of the model tests, the measured results of two field case studies, and the calculated results derived from the other analytical method. A parametric study was conducted to analyze the influence of grouting volume on the pile shaft resistance enhancement coefficient and parameters related to the proposed model on the load-displacement response.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 41672265, 41272295, and 41572262 and the Shanghai Rising-Star Program under Grant No. 17QC1400600 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. The authors are deeply grateful for this support. The comments of the anonymous reviewers have improved the quality of this paper and are also gratefully acknowledged.
References
Bohn, C., A. Lopes dos Santos, and R. Frank. 2017. “Development of axial pile load transfer curves based on instrumented load tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (1): 04016081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001579.
Bruce, D. A. 1986. “Enhancing the performance of large diameter piles by grouting.” Ground Eng. 19 (4): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(86)92518-0.
Chen, J. J., J. H. Wang, and F. Zhu. 2006. “A simplified calculation for the settlement of single piles in soft foundation.” [In Chinese.] J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. 40 (12): 2126–2129. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1006-2467.2006.12.024.
Dai, G. L., and Z. H. Wan. 2017. “Enhanced mechanism and load-settlement relationship of post-grouting piles.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. [In Chinese.] 39 (12): 2235–2244. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201712012.
Fang, K., Z. M. Zhang, Z. J. Liu, and X. W. Liu. 2012. “Load settlement relationship prediction for grouted pile based on load transfer function method.” [In Chinese.] J. Harbin Inst. Tech. 44 (12): 95–99. https://doi.org/10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.2012.12.017.
Farouz, E., M. Muchard, and K. Yang. 2010. “Evaluation of axial capacity of post grouted drilled shafts.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., GeoShanghai Int. Conf., 216–223. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/41106(379)27.
Fleming, W. G. K. 1993. “The improvement of pile performance by base grouting.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Civ. Eng. 97 (2): 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1680/icien.1993.23262.
Hossain, M. A., and J.-H. Yin. 2014. “Behavior of a pressure-grouted soil-cement interface in direct shear tests.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (1): 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000301.
Huang, J. L., J. J. Chen, and J. H. Wang. 2006. “Numerical analysis on the bearing capacity of post-grouting bored pile under vertical load.” [In Chinese.] J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. 40 (12): 2122–2125. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1006-2467.2006.12.023.
Khazaei, J., and A. Eslami. 2017. “Postgrouted helical piles behavior through physical modeling by FCV.” Mar. Geores. Geotechnol. 35 (4): 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2016.1213339.
Kishida, H. 2008. “Stress distribution by model piles in sand.” Soils Found. 4 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1960.4.1.
Kong, G. Q., H. L. Liu, Q. Yang, R. Y. Liang, and H. Zhou. 2013a. “Mathematical model and analysis of negative skin friction of pile group in consolidating soil.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2013: 11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/956076.
Kong, G. Q., Q. Yang, H. L. Liu, and R. Y. Liang. 2013b. “Numerical study of a new belled wedge pile type under different loading modes.” Supplement, Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 17 (S1): S65–S82. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2013.834586.
Liang, R. Y. 2003. “New wave equation technique for high strain impact testing of driven piles.” Geotech. Test. J. 26 (1): 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11103J.
Liang, R. Y., W. Al Bodour, M. Yamin, and A. E. Joorabchi. 2010. “Analysis method for drilled shaft-stabilized slopes using arching concept.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2186 (5): 38–46. https://doi.org/10.3141/2186-05.
Liang, R. Y., A. E. Joorabchi, and L. Li. 2014. “Analysis and design method for slope stabilization using a row of drilled shafts.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (5): 04014001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001070.
Meng, Z., J. J. Chen, and J. H. Wang. 2017. “Numerical analysis of bearing capacity of drilled displacement piles with a screw-shaped shaft in sand.” Mar. Geores. Geotechnol. 35 (5): 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2016.1213777.
Meyerhof, G. G. 1959. “Compaction of sands and bearing capacity of piles.” J. Soil. Mech. Found. Div. 85 (6): 1–30.
Mullins, G., D. Winters, and S. Dapp. 2006. “Predicting end bearing capacity of post-grouted drilled shaft in cohesionless soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (4): 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:4(478).
Ni, P., L. Song, G. Mei, and Y. Zhao. 2017. “Generalized nonlinear softening load-transfer model for axially loaded piles.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (8): 04017019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000899.
Nishimura, S., K. Takehana, Y. Morikawa, and H. Takahashi. 2011. “Experimental study of stress changes due to compaction grouting.” Soils Found. 51 (6): 1037–1049. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.1037.
Professional Standards Compilation Group of People’s Republic of China. 2007. Code for design of ground base and foundation of highway bridges and culverts. JTG D63. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Professional Standards Compilation Group of People’s Republic of China. 2008. Technical code for building pile foundations. JGJ 94. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Professional Standards Compilation Group of People’s Republic of China. 2014. Technical code for testing of building founding piles. JGJ 106. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Robinsky, E. I., and C. F. Morrison. 1964. “Sand displacement and compaction around model friction piles.” Can. Geotech. J. 1 (2): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1139/t64-002.
Ruiz, M. E., and M. A. Pando. 2009. “Load transfer mechanisms of tip post-grouted drilled shafts in sand.” In Proc., Int. Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo, 23–30. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Sun, B., L. L. Zhang, and J. H. Wang. 2008. “Uncertainties of piles load transfer parameters.” [In Chinese.] J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. 42 (11): 1866–1870.
Thiyyakkandi, S., M. McVay, D. Bloomquist, and P. Lai. 2014. “Experimental study, numerical modeling of and axial prediction approach to base grouted drilled shafts in cohesionless soils.” Acta Geotech. 9 (3): 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0246-3.
Wang, J. H. 1996. “Prediction of settlement of single cement mixing pile by neural network.” [In Chinese.] Chin. Civ. Eng. J. 29 (1): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.1996.01.008.
Wang, J. H., X. L. Zhou, and J. F. Lu. 2003. “Dynamic response of pile groups embedded in a poroelastic medium.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 23 (3): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00224-5.
Wang, W., Y. Li, and J. Wu. 2011. “Field loading tests on large-diameter and super-long bored piles of Shanghai Center Tower.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 33 (12): 1817–1826.
Wang, Z., H. Liu, J. Jia, Z. Huang, and T. Jiang. 2012. “Experimental study of vertical bearing capacity behavior of large-diameter bored cast-in-situ long pile.” [In Chinese.] Rock. Soil. Mech. 33 (9): 2663–2670. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2012.09.036.
Yang, J. J. 2005. Similarity theory and structural model test. Wuhan, China: Wuhan University of Technology Press.
Youn, H., and F. Tonon. 2010. “Numerical analysis on post-grouted drilled shafts: A case study at the Brazo River Bridge, TX.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (4): 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.01.005.
Zhang, Q. Q., and Z. M. Zhang. 2011. “Complete load transfer behavior of base-grouted bored piles.” J. Cent. S. Univ. 19 (7): 2037–2046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-012-1242-8.
Zhang, Q. Q., and Z. M. Zhang. 2012. “A simplified nonlinear approach for single pile settlement analysis.” Can. Geotech. J. 49 (11): 1256–1266. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-110.
Zhang, Q. Q., Z. M. Zhang, and J. Y. He. 2010a. “A simplified approach for settlement analysis of single pile and pile groups considering interaction between identical piles in multilayered soils.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (7): 969–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.08.003.
Zhang, Z. M., F. Bao, and Y. M. Chen. 2000. “Research on grouted-in pile bottom with spherical (columnar) hole expansion theory considering material strain-softening.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 22 (2): 243–246. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2000.02.021.
Zhang, Z. M., J. Y. He, and K. Fang. 2012. “Theoretical studies of pile tip post grouting residual stresses based on spherical cavity consolidation model.” [In Chinese.] Rock. Soil. Mech. 33 (9): 2671–2676. https://doi.org/10.3321/10.16285/j.rsm.2012.09.037.
Zhang, Z. M., J. Zou, J. W. Liu, and J. Y. He. 2010b. “Theoretical study of climbing height of grout in pile-bottom base grouting.” [In Chinese.] Rock. Soil. Mech. 31 (8): 2535–2540. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2010.08.024.
Zhao, C. F., Y. Fei, C. Zhao, and S. H. Jia. 2018. “Analysis of expanded radius and internal expanding pressure for undrained cylindrical cavity expansion.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (2): 04017139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001058.
Zhao, C. F., J. Li, Z. X. Qiu, C. Zhao, and Y. Zou. 2015. “Experimental research on load transfer of large-diameter and super-long bored pile in Guangdong area.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock. Mech. Eng. 34 (4): 849–855. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2015.04.023.
Zhao, C. F., J. Lu, Q. C. Sun, T. Zhu, and S. F. Li. 2009. “Experimental study of load transmission property of large-diameter bored cast-in-situ deep and long pile in different soil layers.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock. Mech. Eng. 28 (5): 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2009.05.019.
Zhu, H., and M. F. Chang. 2002. “Load transfer curves along bored piles considering modulus degradation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (9): 764–774. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:9(764).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20 • Issue 2 • February 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 8, 2018
Accepted: Jun 10, 2019
Published online: Dec 3, 2019
Published in print: Feb 1, 2020
Discussion open until: May 3, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.