Technical Papers
Apr 16, 2019

3D Modeling of Long-Term Dynamic Behavior of Monopile-Supported Offshore Wind Turbine in Clay

Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 19, Issue 7

Abstract

This article outlines the long-term dynamic behavior of the monopile-supported offshore wind turbine (OWT) in clay. A three-dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) model was developed that uses viscoelastic material constitutive models for soils in conjunction with stiffness-degradation functions to examine the long-term behavior of monopile-supported OWTs subjected to transient loading. The proposed numerical model was validated by experimental results and recorded data from real offshore wind turbines. Effects of amplitudes of wind and wave loads and their frequency, monopile length and diameter, and rotor-nacelle assemble (RNA) mass on the long-term dynamic behavior of a 5-MW OWT due to different load cycles were studied. The results show that the effect of wind load governs the design and that monopile diameter has a significant role in the long-term behavior of the structure.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their critical comments, which have been very useful in improving the work.

References

ABS (American Bureau of Shipping). 1997. Rules for building and classing offshore installation. Houston: ABS.
Achmus, M., Y. S. Kuo, and K. Abdel-Rahman. 2009. “Behavior of monopile foundations under cyclic lateral load.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (5): 725–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.12.003.
Adhikari, S., and S. Bhattacharya. 2012. “Dynamic analysis of wind turbine towers on flexible foundations.” Shock Vib. 19: 37–56.
Ahmed, S. S., and B. Hawlader. 2016. “Numerical analysis of large-diameter monopiles in dense sand supporting offshore wind turbines.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (5): 04016018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000633.
Alderlieste, E. A. 2011. “Experimental modelling of lateral loads on large diameter mono-pile foundations in sand.” M.S. thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Bhattacharya, S., D. Lombardi, and D. M. Wood. 2011. “Similitude relationships for physical modelling of monopile-supported offshore wind turbines.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech. 11 (2): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.2011.11.2.58.
Bhattacharya, S., N. Nikitas, J. Garnsey, N. A. Alexander, J. Cox, D. Lombardi, D. F. T. Nash, and D. M. Wood. 2013. “Observed dynamic soil-structure interaction in scale testing of offshore wind turbine foundations.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 54: 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.07.012.
Bisoi, S., and S. Haldar. 2014. “Dynamic analysis of offshore wind turbine in clay considering soil-monopile-tower interaction.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 63: 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.03.006.
Bisoi, S., and S. Haldar. 2018. “Experimental and numerical studies on the dynamic and long-term behavior of offshore wind turbines in clay.” Geotech. Test. J. 41 (2): 307–328.
Byrne, B., and G. T. Houlsby. 2006. “Assessing novel foundation options for offshore wind turbines.” In Proc., World Maritime Technology Conf. London: Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology.
Cuéllar, P., P. Mira, M. Pastor, J. A. Fernández-Merodo, M. Baeßler, and W. Rücker. 2014. “A numerical model for the transient analysis of offshore foundations under cyclic loading.” Comput. Geotech. 59: 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.02.005.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2002. Guidelines for design of wind turbines. Olso, Norway: DNV.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2010. Environmental conditions and environmental loads. DNV-RP-C205. Olso, Norway: DNV.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2013. Design of offshore wind turbine structures. DNV-OS-J101. Olso, Norway: DNV.
Dobry, R., and M. Vucetic. 1987. “Dynamic properties and seismic response of soft clay deposits.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., Int. Symp. Geotechnical Engineering Soft Soils, 51–87. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Doherty, P., W. Li, K. Gavin, and B. Casey. 2012. “Field lateral load test on monopile in dense sand.” In Proc., Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics: Integrated Technologies—Present and Future. London: Society of Underwater Technology.
Feld, T. 2001. “Suction buckets, a new innovative foundation concept, applied to offshore wind turbines.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering Geotechnical Engineering, Aalborg Univ.
Gasparre, A., S. Nishimura, N. A. Minh, M. R. Coop, and R. J. Jardine. 2007. “The stiffness of natural London clay.” Géotechnique 57 (1): 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.1.33.
Guo, Z., L. Yu, L. Wang, S. Bhattacharya, G. Nikitas, and Y. Xing. 2015. “Model tests on the long-term dynamic performance of offshore wind turbines founded on monopoles in sand.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 137 (4): 041902. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4030682.
GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council). 2016. Indian wind energy outlook 2016. Brussels, Belgium: GWEC.
Hardin, B. O., and M. E. Kalinski. 2005. “Estimating the shear modulus of gravelly soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (7): 867–875. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:7(867).
Idriss, I. M., R. Dobry, and R. D. Singh. 1978. “Nonlinear behaviour of soft clays during cyclic loading.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 104 (12): 1427–1447.
Jara, F. A. V. 2006. “Model testing of foundations for offshore wind turbines.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Oxford.
Jose, N. M., and A. Mathai. 2016. “A study on lateral deformation of monopile of offshore wind turbine due to environmental loads.” Procedia Technol. 24: 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.038.
Junginger, M. 2005. “Learning in renewable energy technology development.” Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht Univ.
Kim, S. H., S. Y. Kwon, M. M. Kim, and J. T. Han. 2012. “3D numerical simulation of a soil-pile system under dynamic loading.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 30 (4): 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2012.657997.
Krishnaveni, B., S. K. R. Alluri, and M. R. Murthy. 2016. “Generation of p-y curves for large diameter monopiles through numerical modelling.” Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 5 (7): 379–388.
Kuo, Y. S., M. Achmus, and K. Abdel-Rahman. 2012. “Minimum embedded length of cyclic horizontally loaded monopiles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (3): 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000602.
Lau, B. H. 2015. “Foundations for offshore wind turbines in clay.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Cambridge.
LeBlanc, C., G. T. Houlsby, and B. W. Byrne. 2010. “Response of stiff piles in sand to long-term cyclic lateral loading.” Géotechnique 60 (2): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00196.
Lesny, K., J. Wiemann, and W. Richwien. 2004. “Evaluation of pile diameter effects on soil pile stiffness.” In Proc., 7th German Wind Energy Conf. (DEWEK). Wilhelmshaven, Germany: Deutsches Windenergie-Institute.
Lewandowski, R., and B. Chorążyczewski. 2010. “Identification of the parameters of the Kelvin-Voigt and the Maxwell fractional models, used to modeling of viscoelastic dampers.” Comput. Struct. 88 (1–2): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.09.001.
Li, M., H. Zhang, and H. Guan. 2011. “Study of offshore monopile behaviour due to ocean waves.” Ocean Eng. 38 (17–18): 1946–1956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2011.09.022.
Lombardi, D., S. Bhattacharya, and D. M. Wood. 2013. “Dynamic soil-structure interaction of monopile supported wind turbines in cohesive soil.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 49: 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.01.015.
Lombardi, D. 2010. “Dynamics of offshore wind turbines.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Bristol.
Madsen, P. H., and A. Natarajan. 2011. “Challenges and prospects for wind energy to attain 20% grid penetration by 2020 in India.” Current Sci. 101 (1): 35–42.
Martínez-Chaluisant, V. 2011. “Static and dynamic response of monopiles for offshore wind turbines.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison.
Oztoprak, S., and M. D. Bolton. 2013. “Stiffness of sands through a laboratory test database.” Géotechnique 63 (1): 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.078.
Pender, M. J., and S. Pranjoto. 1996. “Gapping effects during cyclic lateral loading of piles in clay.” In Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
Prevost, J. H. 1976. “Undrained stress-strain-time behavior of clays.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 102 (12): 1245–1259.
Rao, S. N., and A. P. Panda. 1998. “Non-linear analysis of undrained cyclic strength of soft marine clay.” Ocean Eng. 26 (3): 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(97)10028-2.
Rodríguez, M. M. 2006. “Analysis of structural damping.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Lulea Univ. of Technology.
Senanayake, A. I. M. J. 2016. “Design of large diameter monopiles for offshore wind turbines in clay.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Texas.
Sheil, B., and W. Finnegan. 2017. “Numerical simulations of wave–structure–soil interaction of offshore monopiles.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (1): 04016024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000667.
Sridhanya, K. V., K. Rajagopal, and R. C. Lakshmana. 2008. “Modelling of degradation of clayey soils under repeated loading.” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. of Int. Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics. Red Hook, NY: Curran.
Ti, K. S., B. B. K. Huat, J. Noorzaei, M. S. Jaafar, and G. S. Sew. 2009. “A review of basic soil constitutive models for geotechnical application.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 14: 1–18.
Towhata, I. 2008. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Berlin: Springer.
Tuladhar, R., T. Maki, and H. Mutsuyoshi. 2008. “Cyclic behavior of laterally loaded concrete piles embedded into cohesive soil.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 37 (1): 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.744.
Vardanega, P. J., and M. D. Bolton. 2014. “Stiffness of clays and silts: Modeling considerations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (6): 06014004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001104.
Wilson, J. F., B. J. Muga, and L. C. Reese. 2002. Dynamics of offshore structure. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Yu, L. Q., L. Z. Wang, Z. Guo, S. Bhattacharya, G. Nikitas, L. L. Li, and Y. L. Xing. 2015. “Long-term dynamic behavior of monopile supported offshore wind turbines in sand.” Theor. Appl. Mech. Lett. 5 (2): 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2015.02.003.
Yun, T. S., J. S. Lee, S. C. Lee, Y. J. Kim, and H. K. Yoon. 2011. “Geotechnical issues related to renewable energy.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 15 (4): 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-0004-8.
Zaaijer, M. B. 2006. “Foundation modelling to assess dynamic behaviour of offshore wind turbines.” Appl. Ocean Res. 28 (1): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2006.03.004.
Zhu, B., W. L. Zhang, P. P. Ying, and Y. M. Chen. 2014. “Deflection-based bearing capacity of suction caisson foundations of offshore wind turbines.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (5): 04014013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001107.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to International Journal of Geomechanics
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 19Issue 7July 2019

History

Received: May 18, 2018
Accepted: Dec 31, 2018
Published online: Apr 16, 2019
Published in print: Jul 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Sep 16, 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Swagata Bisoi, Ph.D. [email protected]
Formerly, Doctoral Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India. Email: [email protected]
Sumanta Haldar, Ph.D. [email protected]
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share