Long-Term Response of Consolidating Soft Clays around a Pile considering Non-Darcian Flow
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 19, Issue 6
Abstract
In this study, a nonlinear one-dimensional consolidation equation in terms of excess pore pressure is developed by considering the effects of variable permeability and non-Darcian flow condition. Uncoupled analysis for the determination of mobilization of shaft resistance is performed using a nonlinear load-transfer method. Finite-difference technique is used to predict the dissipation of excess pore pressure and settlement of piles. The predicted results are compared with reported numerical and experimental results and are within an error of ±7%. The consolidation behavior of Cordemais clay (exhibiting non-Darcian flow) in terms of dissipation of excess pore pressure and the subsidence of soil surface with time is studied. The development of downdrag and the distribution of shear stress around the shaft of end-bearing and floating piles are also investigated. The dissipation of excess pore pressure is about 75 and 40% for double drainage and single drainage conditions, respectively, after 25 years of consolidation. The total downdrag is about 85 and 115 mm for end-bearing and floating piles, respectively, after 25 years of consolidation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abbasi, N., H. Rahimi, A. A. Javadi, and A. Fakher. 2007. “Finite difference approach for consolidation with variable compressibility and permeability.” Comput. Geotech. 34 (1): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.09.003.
Abuel-Naga, H., and M. Pender. 2012. “Modified Terzaghi consolidation curves with effective stress-dependent coefficient of consolidation.” Géotechnique Lett. 2 (2): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.12.00005.
Bowles, J. E. 1982. Foundation analysis and design. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Burland, J. B. 1973. “Shaft friction of piles in clay–A simple fundamental approach.” Ground Eng. 6 (3): 30–42.
Burland, J. B. 1990. “On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays.” Géotechnique 40 (3): 329–378. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1990.40.3.329.
Cai, Y. Q., X. Y. Geng, and C. J. Xu. 2007. “Solution of one-dimensional finite-strain consolidation of soil with variable compressibility under cyclic loadings.” Comput. Geotech. 34 (1): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.08.008.
Cao, W., Y. Chen, and W. Wolfe. 2014. “New load transfer hyperbolic model for pile-soil interface and negative skin friction on single piles embedded in soft soils.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (1): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000289.
Casey, B. 2014. “The consolidation and strength behavior of mechanically compressed fine-grained sediments.” Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.
Chan, C. Y. 2004. “Centrifuge modelling of behaviour of piles in consolidating ground.” MPhil. thesis, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology.
Darcy, H. 1856. Les fontaines publiques de la Ville de Dijon [The public fountains of the city of Dijon]. Paris: Dalmont.
Davis, E. H., and G. P. Raymond. 1965. “A non-linear theory of consolidation.” Géotechnique 15 (2): 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1965.15.2.161.
Deng, Y., G. Liu, B. Indraratna, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. 2017. “Model test and theoretical analysis for soft soil foundations improved by prefabricated vertical drains.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (1): 04016045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000711.
Dubin, B., and G. Moulin. 1985. “Influence of a critical gradient on the consolidation of clays.” In Consolidation of soils: Testing and evaluation (STP 892), edited by R. N. Yong and F. C. Townsend, 354–377. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Elnaggar, H. A., and R. J. Krizek. 1973. “Effect of non-Darcian flow on time rate of consolidation.” J. Franklin Inst. 296 (5): 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-0032(73)90212-3.
Fellenius, B. H. 2006. “Results from long-term measurement in piles of drag load and downdrag.” Can. Geotech. J. 43 (4): 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-009.
Fleming, W., A. Weltman, M. Randolph, and K. Elson. 2009. Piling engineering. 3rd ed. London: Taylor & Francis.
Forsythe, G. E., and W. R. Wasow. 1960. Finite-difference methods for partial differential equations. New York: Wiley.
Hanna, A., and A. Sharif. 2006. “Drag force on single piles in clay subjected to surcharge loading.” Int. J. Geomech. 6 (2): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2006)6:2(89).
Hansbo, S. 1960. “Consolidation of clay with special reference to influence of vertical sand drains.” In Vol. 18 of Swedish Geotechnical Institute Proceedings, 45–50. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Swedish Geotechnical Institute.
Hansbo, S. 2003. “Deviation from Darcy’s law observed in one-dimensional consolidation.” Géotechnique 53 (6): 601–605. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.6.601.
Hsu, T., and T. Tsai. 2016. “Combined vertical and radial consolidation under time-dependent loading.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (3): 04015073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000600.
Hu, A., C. Xia, J. Cui, and K. Xie. 2018. “Nonlinear consolidation analysis of natural structured clays under time-dependent loading.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (2): 04017140. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001059.
Indraratna, B., R. Zhong, P. Fox, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. 2017. “Large-strain vacuum-assisted consolidation with non-Darcian radial flow incorporating varying permeability and compressibility.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (1): 04016088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001599.
Jeong, S., J. Lee, and C. J. Lee. 2004. “Slip effect at the pile–soil interface on dragload.” Comput. Geotech. 31 (2): 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2004.01.009.
Kim, H. J., and J. L. Mission. 2011. “Development of negative skin friction on single piles: Uncoupled analysis based on nonlinear consolidation theory with finite strain and the load-transfer method.” Can. Geotech. J. 48 (6): 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-004.
Kog, Y. 2016. “Axially loaded piles in consolidating layered soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (1): 04015039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000523.
Kog, Y. C. 1990. “Downdrag and axial load on piles.” Ground Eng. 23 (3): 24–30.
Kutilek, M. 1972. “Non-Darcian flow of water in soils–Laminar region: A review.” Dev. Soil Sci. 2: 327–340.
Lam, S. Y., C. W. W. Ng, C. F. Leung, and S. H. Chan. 2009. “Centrifuge and numerical modeling of axial load effect on piles in consolidating ground.” Can. Geotech. J. 46 (1): 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-095.
Lambe, T. W., and R. W. Whitman. 1969. Soil mechanics. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Lee, C., and C. Ng. 2004. “Development of downdrag on piles and pile groups in consolidating soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (9): 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:9(905).
Lekha, K., N. Krishnaswamy, and P. Basak. 2003. “Consolidation of clays for variable permeability and compressibility.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (11): 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(1001).
Leung, C. F., B. K. Liao, Y. K. Chow, R. F. Shen, and Y. C. Kog. 2004. “Behavior of pile subject to negative skin friction and axial load.” Soils Found. 44 (6): 17–26. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.44.6_17.
Li, C. X., and K. H. Xie. 2013. “One-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of soft clay with the non-Darcian flow.” J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 14 (6): 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1200343.
Li, C. X., K. H. Xie, A. F. Hu, and B. X. Hu. 2012. “One-dimensional consolidation of double-layered soil with non-Darcian flow described by exponent and threshold gradient.” J. Cent. South Univ. 19 (2): 562–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-012-1040-3.
Liu, Z. Y., L. Y. Sun, J. C. Yue, and C. W. Ma. 2009. “1D consolidation theory of saturated clay based on non-Darcy flow.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 28 (5): 973–979.
Mesri, G., D. Lo, and T. Feng. 1994. “Settlement of embankments in soft clays.” In Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and Embankments, Geotechnical Special Publication 40, edited by A. T. Yeung and G. Y. Felio, 8–56. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Mikasa, M. 1965. “The consolidation of soft clay–Anew consolidation theory and its application.” Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. 4: 21–26.
Miller, R. J., and P. E. Low. 1963. “Threshold gradient for water flow in clay systems.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. Abstr. 27 (6): 605–609. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1963.03615995002700060013x.
Mishra, A., and N. R. Patra. 2018. “Dragload of pile groups in consolidating non-Darcian clays.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 171 (4): 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.17.00169.
Moulin, G. 1968. Contribution à l'étude de la consolidation des argiles. Etude en laboratoire de la perméabilité. Rapport DEA. Nantes, France: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique.
Nagaraj, T. S., and B. R. S. Murthy. 1985. “Prediction of the preconsolidation pressure and recompression index of soils.” Geotech. Test. J. 8 (4): 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10538J.
Nagaraj, T. S., and B. R. S. Murthy. 1986. “A critical reappraisal of compression index.” Géotechnique 36 (1): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.27.
Ng, C., H. Poulos, V. Chan, S. Lam, and G. Chan. 2008. “Effects of tip location and shielding on piles in consolidating ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (9): 1245–1260. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:9(1245).
Olsen, H. W. 1985. “Osmosis: A cause of apparent deviation from Darcy’s law.” Can. Geotech. J. 22 (2): 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1139/t85-032.
Poulos, H., and E. Davis. 1975. “Prediction of downdrag forces on end-bearing piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 101 (2): 189–204.
Poulos, H. G. 2008. “A practical design approach for piles with negative friction.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 161 (1): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2008.161.1.19.
Randolph, M., and C. Wroth. 1978. “Analysis of deformation of vertical loaded piles.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 104 (12): 1465–1488.
Schiffman, R., and R. Gibson. 1964. “Consolidation of non-homogeneous clay layers.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 90 (5): 1–30.
Sridharan, A., and K. Prakash. 2001. “Consolidation and permeability behavior of segregated and homogenous sediments.” Geotech. Test. J. 24 (1): 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11287J.
Sun, T., W. Yan, and D. Su. 2015. “Fully coupled consolidation analysis of shear strength mobilization and dragload of a pile subject to negative skin friction.” Int. J. Geomech. 15 (3): 04014057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000381.
Tan, T. S., and R. F. Scott. 1988. “Finite strain consolidation–A study of convection.” Soils Found. 28 (3): 64–74. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.3_64.
Tavenas, F., P. Jean, P. Leblond, and S. Leroueil. 1983. “The permeability of natural soft clays. Part II; Permeability characteristics.” Can. Geotech. J. 20 (4): 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1139/t83-073.
Teh, C. I., and X. Y. Nie. 2002. “Coupled consolidation theory with non-Darcian flow.” Comput. Geotech. 29 (3): 169–209.
Terzaghi, K. 1924. “Die theorie der hydrodynamischen spannungsercheinungen und ihr erdubautechnisches anwendungsgebiet.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., First Int. Congress of Applied Mechanics, 288–294. Delft, Netherlands: J. Waltman, jr.
Walker, R., B. Indraratna, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. 2012. “Vertical drain consolidation with non-Darcian flow and void-ratio-dependent compressibility and permeability.” Géotechnique 62 (11): 985–997. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.084.
Xie, K. H., K. Wang, Y. L. Wang, and C. X. Li. 2010. “Analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of clayey soils with a threshold gradient.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (4): 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.02.001.
Xie, K. H., X. Y. Xie, and W. Jiang. 2002. “A study on one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of double layered soil.” Comput. Geotech. 29 (2): 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(01)00017-9.
Yan, W., T. Sun, and L. Tham. 2012. “Coupled-consolidation modeling of a pile in consolidating ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (7): 789–798. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000651.
Zhu, G., and J. Yin. 2012. “Analysis and mathematical solutions for consolidation of a soil layer with depth-dependent parameters under confined compression.” Int. J. Geomech. 12 (4): 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000152.
Zhuang, Y. C., K. H. Xie, and X. B. Li. 2006. “Nonlinear analysis of consolidation with variable compressibility and permeability.” J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 6 (3): 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2005.A0181.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 19 • Issue 6 • June 2019
Copyright
© 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 13, 2017
Accepted: Oct 23, 2018
Published online: Mar 19, 2019
Published in print: Jun 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Aug 19, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.