Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Sand–Marine Clay Mixtures with a Homogenization Approach
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 18, Issue 7
Abstract
A series of oedometer tests was performed on pure marine clay and sand–marine clay mixtures with various initial water contents in the clay matrix and sand fractions. The hydraulic conductivity was computed from the compressibility and the consolidation curves of the samples. The experimental data indicated that the overall hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures depends on both the initial water content and the sand fraction of the clay matrix at a given stress level. The initial water content of the clay matrix had an influence on the local void ratio, leading to differences in the overall hydraulic conductivity. The influence of the initial water content was substantially reduced for the relationship between the overall hydraulic conductivity and the overall void ratio. A homogenization approach was introduced to estimate the overall hydraulic conductivity that could be determined from the intrinsic permeability parameters of pure marine clay. The proposed model has four parameters, including two intrinsic parameters of the pure marine clay and two additional ones incorporating the evolution of the sand skeleton. The ability of the proposed model to describe the permeability behavior of the sand–marine clay mixtures (and other sand–clay mixtures described in the literature) was verified by use of test data.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work in this paper was supported by the National State Key Project 973 (Grant 2014CB047000), Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (Subproject 2014CB047001), Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government (HKSARG) of China for a Collaborative Research Fund (CRF) project (Grant PolyU12/CRF/13E) and for two General Research Fund (GRF) projects (PolyU 152196/14E and PolyU 152796/16E). The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development of Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Grants 1-ZVCR, 1-ZVEH, 4-BCAU, 4-BCAW, 5-ZDAF, and G-YN97 from Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
References
Barla, M., and Beer, G. (2012). “Special issue on advances in modeling rock engineering problems.” Int. J. Geomech., 617–617.
Bian, X., Cao, Y.-P., Wang, Z.-F., Ding, G.-Q., and Lei, G.-H. (2017). “Effect of super-absorbent polymer on the undrained shear behavior of cemented dredged clay with high water content.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04017023.
Bian, X., Wang, Z.-f., Ding, G.-q., and Cao, Y.-P. (2016). “Compressibility of cemented dredged clay at high water content with super-absorbent polymer.” Eng. Geol., 208, 198–205.
BSI (British Standards Institution). (1991). “Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes.” BS 1377: 1991, London.
Budarapu, P. R., Gracie, R., Yang, S.-W., Zhuang, X., and Rabczuk, T. (2014). “Efficient coarse graining in multiscale modeling of fracture.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 69, 126–143.
Butterfield, R. (1979). “A natural compression law for soils (an advance on e-log p′).” Géotechnique, 29(4), 469–480.
Carrier, W. D., and Beckman, J. F. (1984). “Correlations between index tests and the properties of remoulded clays.” Géotechnique, 34(2), 211–228.
Cerato, A. B., and Lutenegger, A. J. (2004). “Determining intrinsic compressibility of fine-grained soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 872–877.
Chu, J., and Leong, W. K. (2002). “Effect of fines on instability behavior of loose sand.” Géotechnique, 52(10), 751–755.
Deng, Y., Wu, Z., Cui, Y., Liu, S., and Wang, Q. (2017). “Sand fraction effect on hydro-mechanical behavior of sand-clay mixture.” Appl. Clay Sci., 135, 355–361.
Elkady, T. Y., Shaker, A. A., and Dhowain, A. W. (2015). “Shear strengths and volume changes of sand–attapulgite clay mixtures.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 74(2), 595–609.
Eshelby, J. D. (1957). “The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 241(1226), 376–396.
González, C., and LLorca, J. (2000). “A self-consistent approach to the elasto-plastic behaviour of two-phase materials including damage.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 48(4), 675–692.
Gonzalez, C., Segurado, J., and LLorca, J. (2004). “Numerical simulation of elasto-plastic deformation of composites: evolution of stress microfields and implications for homogenization models.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 52(7), 1573–1593.
Graham, J., Saadat, F., Gray, M. N., Dixon, D. A., and Zhang, Q. Y. (1989). “Strength and volume change behaviour of a sand–bentonite mixture.” Can. Geotech. J., 26(2), 292–305.
Hashin, Z. (1983). “Analysis of composite materials—A survey.” J. Appl. Mech., 50(3), 481–505.
He, B., Mortazavi, B., Zhuang, X., and Rabczuk, T. (2016). “Modeling Kapitza resistance of two-phase composite material.” Compos. Struct., 152, 939–946.
Herle, I., and Gudehus, G. (1999). “Determination of parameters of a hypoplastic constitutive model from properties of grain assemblies.” Mech. Cohes. Frict. Mater., 4(5), 461–486.
Hill, R. (1965). “A self-consistent mechanics of composite materials.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 13(4), 213–222.
Hong, Z., and Onitsuka, K. (1998). “A method of correcting yield stress and compression index of Ariake clays for sample disturbance.” Soils Found., 38(2), 211–222.
Hong, Z.-S., Yin, J., and Cui, Y.-J. (2010). “Compression behaviour of reconstituted soils at high initial water contents.” Géotechnique, 60(9), 691–700.
Hong, Z.-S., Zeng, L.-L., Cui, Y.-J., Cai, Y.-Q., and Lin, C. (2012). “Compression behaviour of natural and reconstituted clays.” Géotechnique, 62(4), 291–301.
Huang, L., Tan, L., and Zheng, W. (2016). “Renovated comprehensive multilevel evaluation approach to self-healing of asphalt mixtures.” Int. J. Geomech., B4014002.
Jamei, M., Villard, P., and Guiras, H. (2013). “Shear failure criterion based on experimental and modeling results for fiber-reinforced clay.” Int. J. Geomech., 882–893.
Kumar, G. V. (1996). “Some aspects of the mechanical behaviour of mixtures of kaolin and coarse sand.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
Lielens, G., Pirotte, P., Couniot, A., Dupret, F., and Keunings, R. (1998). “Prediction of thermo-mechanical properties for compression moulded composites.” Composites Part A, 29, 63–70.
Mashiri, M. S., Vinod, J. S., and Sheikh, M. N. (2016). “Constitutive model for sand-tire chip mixture.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015022.
Mesri, G., and Olson, R. E. (1971). “Mechanisms controlling the permeability of clays.” Clays Clay Miner., 19(1), 151–158.
Mitchell, J. K. (1993). Fundamentals of soil behavior, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Monkul, M. M., and Ozden, G. (2005). “Effect of intergranular void ratio on one-dimensional compression behavior.” Proc., Int. Conf., Problematic Soils, Vol. 3, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, London, 1203–1209.
Mori, T., and Tanaka, K. (1973). “Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions.” Acta Metall., 21(5), 571–574.
Pandian, N., Nagaraj, T., and Raju, P. (1995). “Permeability and compressibility behavior of bentonite-sand/soil mixes.” Geotech. Test. J., 18(1), 86–93.
Quayum, Md. S., Zhuang, X., and Rabczuk, T. (2015). “Computational model generation and RVE design of self-healing concrete.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 9(4), 383–396.
Reuss, A. (1929). “Berechnung der Fließgrenzen von Mischkristallen auf Grund der Plastizitätsbedingung für Einkristalle.” J. Appl. Math. Mech., 9(1), 49–58.
Shi, X. S., and Herle, I. (2015). “Compression and undrained shear strength of remoulded clay mixtures.” Géotech. Lett., 5(2), 62–67.
Shi, X. S., and Herle, I. (2017). “Numerical simulation of lumpy soils using a hypoplastic model.” Acta Geotech., 12(2), 349–363.
Shi, X. S., Herle, I., and Muir Wood, D. (2018). “A consolidation model for lumpy composite soils in open-pit mining.” Géotechnique, 66(3), 189–204.
Shi, X. S., and Yin, J. (2017). “Experimental and theoretical investigation on the compression behavior of sand-marine clay mixtures within homogenization framework.” Comput. Geotech., 90(Oct), 14–26.
Silva, S. D. (2016). “Three runway system project (3RS project), contract 3206—Main reclamation works.” Rep. 7076481/R00, Hong Kong.
Sivapullaiah, P. V., Sridharan, A., and Stalin, V. K. (2000). “Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-sand mixtures.” Can. Geotech. J., 37(2), 406–413.
Sridharan, A., and Prakash, K. (1996). “Interpretation of oedometer test data for natural clays.” Soils Found., 36(3), 146–147.
Sridharan, A., and Prakash, K. (2003). “Self weight consolidation: Compressibility behavior of segregated and homogeneous finegrained sediments.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 21(2), 73–80.
Talebi, H., Silani, M., Bordas, S. P. A., Kerfriden, P., and Rabczuk, T. (2014). “A computational library for multiscale modeling of material failure.” Comput. Mech., 53(5), 1047–1071.
Tan, T., Yong, K., Leong, E., and Lee, S. (1990). “Behaviour of clay slurry.” Soils Found., 30(4), 105–118.
Thevanayagam, S., and Mohan, S. (1998). “Intergranular void ratio-steady state strength relations for silty sands.” Geotechnical Special Publication 75, Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics III, P. Dakoulas, M. Yegian, and R. D. Holt, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 349–360.
Tsuchida, T. (2017). “ relationship for marine clays considering initial water content to evaluate soil structure.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 35(1), 104–119.
Tu, S.-T., Cai, W.-Z., Yin, Y., and Ling, X. (2005). “Numerical simulation of saturation behavior of physical properties in composites with randomly distributed second-phase.” J. Compos. Mater., 39(7), 617–631.
Voigt, W. (1928). Lehrbuch der kristallphysik, BG Teubne, Berlin.
Vu-Bac, N., Lahmer, T., Zhuang, X., Nguyen-Thoi, T., and Rabczuk, T. (2016). “A software framework for probabilistic sensitivity analysis for computationally expensive models.” Adv. Eng. Software, 100(Oct), 19–31.
Watabe, Y., Yamada, K., and Saitoh, K. (2011). “Hydraulic conductivity and compressibility of mixtures of Nagoya clay with sand or bentonite.” Géotechnique, 61(3), 211–219.
Weibull, W. (1951). “A statistical distribution function of wide applicability.” J. Appl. Mech., 18(3), 293–297.
Zeng, L.-L., Hong, Z.-S., Cai, Y.-Q., and Han, J. (2011). “Change of hydraulic conductivity during compression of undisturbed and remolded clays.” Appl. Clay Sci., 51(1), 86–93.
Zeng, L.-l., Hong, Z.-s., and Chen, F.-q. (2012). “A law of change in permeability coefficient during compression of remolded clays.” Rock Soil Mech., 33(5), 1286–1292.
Zeng, L.-L., Hong, Z.-S., and Cui, Y.-J. (2015). “Determining the virgin compression lines of reconstituted clays at different initial water contents.” Can. Geotech. J., 52(9), 1408–1415.
Zeng, L.-L., Hong, Z.-S., and Gao, Y.-F. (2016). “Practical estimation of compression behaviour of dredged clays with three physical parameters.” Eng. Geol., 217, 102–109.
Zhang, J., and Yang, J. (2017). “Experimental and numerical investigation of dilation behavior of asphalt mixture.” Int. J. Geomech., 04016062,
Zhou, Z., Yang, H., Wang, X., and Liu, B. (2017). “Model development and experimental verification for permeability coefficient of soil–rock mixture.” Int. J. Geomech., 04016106,
Zhuang, X., Huang, R., Liang, C., and Rabczuk, T. (2014). “A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model of jointed hard rock for compressed air energy storage.” Math. Prob. Eng., 2014.
Zhuang, X., Wang, Q., and Zhu, H. (2015). “A 3D computational homogenization model for porous material and parameters identification.” Comput. Mater. Sci., 96(Jan), 536–548.
Zhuang, X., Wang, Q., and Zhu, H. (2017). “Effective properties of composites with periodic random packing of ellipsoids.” Materials, 10(2), 112.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 20, 2017
Accepted: Jan 25, 2018
Published online: May 11, 2018
Published in print: Jul 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Oct 11, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.