Energy-Based Solutions for Nondisplacement Piles Subjected to Lateral Loads
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17, Issue 11
Abstract
This paper reviews the energy-based solutions that have been proposed for boundary value problems involving pile foundations subjected to lateral loads and presents semianalytical solutions that are applicable to both elastic and elastoplastic soils. Generally, the displacements in the soil are directly linked to the pile deflections through formulations in either Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates. A system of differential equations for the pile deflection and soil displacements can be derived based on the principle of minimum total potential energy or the principle of virtual work in a total or incremental form. The system of equations can be solved analytically or numerically using an iterative algorithm, producing profiles of pile deflections, shear forces, and bending moments for the pile(s) and displacements within the soil domain. Comparisons between results from energy-based analyses using various combinations of the energy principles and displacement formulations show that a stiffer pile response is observed when degrees of freedom in certain directions are constrained in the soil. By adopting suitable displacement formulations and appropriate constitutive models for the soil, the method produces realistic predictions of laterally loaded pile response at an affordable computational cost.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abaqus 6.12 [Computer software]. SIMULIA, Providence, RI.
Abbo, A. (1997). “Finite element algorithms for elastoplasticity and consolidation.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
Ashour, M., and Norris, G. (2000). “Modeling lateral soil-pile response based on soil-pile interaction.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 420–428.
Basu, D., and Salgado, R. (2007). “Elastic analysis of laterally loaded pile in multi-layered soil.” Geomech. Geoeng., 2(3), 183–196.
Basu, D., and Salgado, R. (2008). “Analysis of laterally loaded piles with rectangular cross sections embedded in layered soil.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 32(7), 721–744.
Basu, D., Salgado, R., and Prezzi, M. (2009). “A continuum-based model for analysis of laterally loaded piles in layered soils.” Géotechnique, 59(2), 127–140.
Basu, D., Salgado, R., and Prezzi, M. (2013). “A new framework for analysis of laterally loaded piles.” J. Geo-Eng. Sci., 1(1), 53–67.
Brown, D., and Shie, C. (1990). “Three dimensional finite element model of laterally loaded piles.” Comput. Geotech., 10(1), 59–79.
Budhu, M., and Davies, T. (1988). “Analysis of laterally loaded piles in soft clays.” J. Geotech. Eng., 21–39.
Chen, L., and Poulos, H. G. (1993). “Analysis of pile-soil interaction under lateral loading using infinite and finite elements.” Comput. Geotech., 15(4), 189–220.
Choi, Y. S., Lee, J., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2017). “Response of pile groups driven in sand subjected to combined loads.” Geotech. Geol. Eng., 35(4), 1587–1604.
Duncan, J., Evans, L., and Ooi, P. (1994). “Lateral load analysis of single piles and drilled shafts.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1018–1033.
Fan, C.-C., and Long, J. H. (2005). “Assessment of existing methods for predicting soil response of laterally loaded piles in sand.” Comput. Geotech., 32(4), 274–289.
Guo, W. D., and Lee, F. H. (2001). “Load transfer approach for laterally loaded piles.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 25(11), 1101–1129.
Han, F., Salgado, R., and Prezzi, M. (2015). “Nonlinear analyses of laterally loaded piles–A semi-analytical approach.” Comput. Geotech., 70(Oct), 116–129.
Heidari, M., El Naggar, H., Jahanandish, M., and Ghahramani, A. (2014). “Generalized cyclic p–y curve modeling for analysis of laterally loaded piles.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 63(Aug), 138–149.
Kim, Y., and Jeong, S. (2011). “Analysis of soil resistance on laterally loaded piles based on 3D soil–pile interaction.” Comput. Geotech., 38(2), 248–257.
Matlock, H. (1970). “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay.” Proc., Second Annual Offshore Technology Conf., Vol. 1, Houston, TX, 577–594.
Muqtadir, A., and Desai, C. S. (1986). “Three-dimensional analysis of a pile-group foundation.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 10(1), 41–58.
Papadopoulou, M. C., and Comodromos, E. M. (2010). “On the response prediction of horizontally loaded fixed-head pile groups in sands.” Comput. Geotech., 37(7–8), 930–941.
Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D. (1974). “Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand.” Proc., 6th Offshore Technology Conf., Houston, TX, 473–483.
Salgado, R., Basu, D., Prezzi, M., and Tehran, F. S. (2013). “Semi-analytical solutions for laterally loaded piles in multilayered soils.” Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ISSMGE, Paris.
Salgado, R., Tehrani, F. S., and Prezzi, M. (2014). “Analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multilayered elastic soil.” Comput. Geotech., 62(Oct), 136–153.
Sloan, S. W. (1987). “Substepping schemes for the numerical integration of elastoplastic stress-strain relations.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 24(5), 893–911.
Sloan, S. W., Abbo, A. J., and Sheng, D. (2001). “Refined explicit integration of elastoplastic models with automatic error control.” Eng. Comput., 18(1/2), 121–194.
Sun, K. (1994a). “A numerical method for laterally loaded piles.” Comput. Geotech., 16(4), 263–289.
Sun, K. (1994b). “Laterally loaded piles in elastic media.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1324–1344.
Teh, C. I., and Shen, W. Y. (2002). “Analysis of laterally loaded pile groups using a variational approach.” Géotechnique, 52(3), 201–208.
Tehrani, F. S., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2016). “A multidirectional semi-analytical method for analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multi-layered elastic strata.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 40(12), 1730–1757.
Wakai, A., Gose, S., and Ugai, K. (1999). “3-D elasto-plastic finite element analyses of pile foundations subjected to lateral loading.” Soils Found., 39(1), 97–111.
Wu, D., Broms, B. B., and Choa, V. (1998). “Design of laterally loaded piles in cohesive soils using p-y curves.” Soils Found., 38(2), 17–26.
Yang, K., and Liang, R. (2006). “Numerical solution for laterally loaded piles in a two-layer soil profile.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1436–1443.
Yang, Z. and Jeremić, B. (2003). “Numerical study of group effects for pile groups in sands.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 27(15), 1255–1276.
Yang, Z., and Jeremić, B. (2005). “Study of soil layering effects on lateral loading behavior of piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 762–770.
Yuan, B., Chen, W., Jiang, T., Wang, Y., and Chen, K. (2013). “Stereo particle image velocimetry measurement of 3D soil deformation around laterally loaded pile in sand.” J. Central South Univ., 20(3), 791–798.
Zhang, L., Ernst, H., and Einstein, H. (2000). “Nonlinear analysis of laterally loadedrock-socketed shafts.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 955–968.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 11, 2016
Accepted: Jun 5, 2017
Published online: Sep 12, 2017
Published in print: Nov 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Feb 12, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.