Tensile Stress Responses of CFRD Face Slabs during Earthquake Excitation and Mitigation Measures
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17, Issue 12
Abstract
On the basis of a clear understanding of dynamic stress distributions in face slabs of concrete-faced rockfill dams (CFRDs), the cracking failure of a face slab can be avoided using antiseismic design measures. In this study, the distribution of tensile overstresses in face slabs during earthquakes was analyzed while the effects of dam geometries and variable nature of input motions were taken into account. The area of face slab vulnerable to cracking was identified. Furthermore, the installation of a horizontal joint is suggested to mitigate the tensile stress in face slabs when subjected to earthquakes. Three-dimensional (3D) dynamic analyses of CFRDs with various geometries were conducted, and the dynamic slope-direction tensile stresses in face slabs with joints at various positions were compared. The results indicate that peak dynamic slope-direction tensile stress can be significantly decreased by installing the joint where the maximum tensile stress occurs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (2017YFC0404900) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 51421064, 51379028). This financial support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Albano, M., Modoni, G., Croce, P., and Russo, G. (2015). “Assessment of the seismic performance of a bituminous faced rockfill dam.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 75, 183–198.
Arici, Y. (2013). “Evaluation of the performance of the face slab of a CFRD during earthquake excitation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 55(Dec), 71–82.
Arrau, L., Ibarra, I., and Noguera, G. (1985). “Performance of Cogoti dam under seismic loading.” Concrete face rockfill dams—Design, construction, and performance, J. B. Cook and J. L. Sherard, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA.
Bayraktar, A., Altunişik, A. C., Sevim, B., Kartal, M. E., Türker, T., and Bilici, Y. (2009). “Comparison of near-and far-fault ground motion effect on the nonlinear response of dam–reservoir–foundation systems.” Nonlinear Dyn., 58(4), 655–673.
Bayraktar, A., Haciefendioglu, K., and Muvafik, M. (2005). “Asynchronous seismic analysis of concrete-faced rockfill dams including dam-reservoir interaction.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 32(5), 940–947.
Bayraktar, A., and Kartal, M. E. (2010). “Linear and nonlinear response of concrete slab on CFR dam during earthquake.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 30(10), 990–1003.
Bayraktar, A., Kartal, M. E., and Adanur, S. (2011). “The effect of concrete slab–rockfill interface behavior on the earthquake performance of a CFR dam.” Int. J. Nonlinear Mech., 46(1), 35–46.
Bayraktar, A., Kartal, M. E., and Basaga, H. B. (2009). “Reservoir water effects on earthquake performance evaluation of Torul concrete-faced rockfill dam.” Water Sci. Eng., 2(1), 43–57.
Boulanger, R. W., Bray, J. D., Merry, S. M., and Mejia, L. H. (1995). “Three-dimensional dynamic response analyses of Cogswell Dam.” Can. Geotech. J., 32(3), 452–464.
Chen, C., and Zhou, Z. (2014). “Nonlinear cross-anisotropic model for soils at various strain levels.” Int. J. Geomech., 04014012.
Chopra, A. K., and Wang, J. T. (2010). “Earthquake response of arch dams to spatially varying ground motion.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(8), 887–906.
Clough, G. W., and Duncan, J. M. (1971). “Finite-element analysis of retaining wall behavior.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 97(12), 1657–1672.
Cui, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, Y., Jin, F., and Wang, G. (2002). “Failure simulation of the Meihua arch dam.” J. Tsinghua Univ. Sci. Tech., 42(S1), 88–92.
Dakoulas, P. (2012). “Nonlinear seismic response of tall concrete-faced rockfill dams in narrow canyons.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 34(1), 11–24.
Duncan, J. M., and Chang, C. (1970). “Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 96(5), 1629–1653.
Elia, G., Amorosi, A., Chan, A. H., and Kavvadas, M. J. (2010). “Numerical prediction of the dynamic behavior of two earth dams in Italy using a fully coupled nonlinear approach.” Int. J. Geomech., 504–518.
Elia, G., Amorosi, A., Chan, A. H. C., and Kavvadas, M. J. (2011). “Fully coupled dynamic analysis of an earth dam.” Géotechnique, 61(7), 549–563.
Fu, Z., Chen, S., and Peng, C. (2014). “Modeling cyclic behavior of rockfill materials in a framework of generalized plasticity.” Int. J. Geomech., 191–204.
Gazetas, G., and Dakoulas, P. (1992). “Seismic analysis and design of rockfill dams: State-of-the-art.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 11(1), 27–61.
GEODYNA [Computer software]. Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Dalian Univ. of Technology, Dalian, China.
Goodman, R. E., Taylor, R. L., and Brekke, T. L. (1968). “A model for the mechanics of jointed rock.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 94(3), 637–660.
Gu, G. C., Shen, C. S., and Cen, W. J. (2009). Earthquake engineering for earthrock dams, China Water & Power Press, Beijing.
Hardin, B. O., and Drnevich, V. P. (1972). “Shear modulus and damping in soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(7), 667–692.
Honkanadavar, N. P., and Sharma, K. G. (2013). “Testing and modeling the behavior of riverbed and blasted quarried rockfill materials.” Int. J. Geomech., 04014028.
Hudson, M., Idriss, I. M., and Beikae, M. (1994). “QUAD4M: A computer program to evaluate the seismic response of soil structures using finite element procedures and incorporating a compliant base.” Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
Kartal, M. E., Başağa, H. B., and Bayraktar, A. (2011). “Probabilistic nonlinear analysis of CFR dams by MCS using response surface method.” Appl. Math. Model., 35(6), 2752–2770.
Kartal, M. E., Bayraktar, A., and Başağa, H. B. (2010). “Seismic failure probability of concrete slab on CFR dams with welded and friction contacts by response surface method.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 30(11), 1383–1399.
Kartal, M. E., Bayraktar, A., and Başağa, H. B. (2012). “Nonlinear finite element reliability analysis of concrete-faced rockfill (CFR) dams under static effects.” Appl. Math. Model., 36(11), 5229–5248.
Kim, Y.-S., Seo, M.-W., Lee, C.-W., and Kang, G.-C. (2014). “Deformation characteristics during construction and after impoundment of the CFRD-type Daegok Dam, Korea.” Eng. Geol., 178, 1–14.
Kong, X., Lou, S., and Zou, D. (2001). “Equivalent dynamic shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio of rockfill material for dam.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 8, 20–25.
Kong, X., Zhou, Y., Xu, B., and Zou, D. (2010). “Analysis on seismic failure mechanism of Zipingpu dam and several reflections of aseismic design for high rock-fill dam.” Earth and Space 2010: 12th Biennial Int. Conf. Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments; 4th NASA/ARO/ASCE Workshop on Granular Materials in Lunar and Martian Exploration, G. Song and R. B. Malla, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 3177–3189.
Kong, X., Zhou, Y., Zou, D., Xu, B., and Yu, L. (2011). “Numerical analysis of dislocations of the face slabs of the Zipingpu concrete faced rockfill dam during the Wenchuan earthquake.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib., 10(4), 581–589.
Kong, X., Zhu, T., and Han, G. (2000). “Effects of measures for enhancing dynamic stability of concrete-faced rockfill dam.” Dam Eng., 10(2), 93–101.
Kramer, S. L. (1996). Geotechnical earthquake engineering, Pearson Education India, Chennai, India.
Ling, X., Du, X., Chen, Y., Liu, H., Gu, Q., and Wang, G. (2015). “Forward to: Recent development of earthquake engineering and soil dynamics for large-scale infrastructure.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 76(Sep), 1.
Liu, H., and Ling, H. I. (2008). “Constitutive description of interface behavior including cyclic loading and particle breakage within the framework of critical state soil mechanics.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods, 32(12), 1495–1514.
Liu, J., Liu, F., Kong, X., and Yu, L. (2014). “Large-scale shaking table model tests of aseismic measures for concrete faced rock-fill dams.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 61–62(0), 152–163.
Mejia, L. H., and Seed, H. B. (1983). “Comparison of 2-D and 3-D dynamic analyses of earth dams.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1383–1398.
Modares, M., and Quiroz, J. E. (2015). “Structural analysis framework for concrete-faced rockfill dams.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015024.
Power Industry Standard of the People’s Republic of China. (2001). Specifications for seismic design of hydraulic structures, Chinese Electric Power Press, Beijing.
Raphael, J. M. (1984). “Tensile strength of concrete.” J. Proc., 81(2), 158–165.
Rollins, K. M., Evans, M. D., Diehl, N. B., and Daily, W. D., III. (1998). “Shear modulus and damping relationships for gravels.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 396–405.
Ross, C. A., Tedesco, J. W., and Kuennen, S. T. (1995). “Effects of strain rate on concrete strength.” Mater. J., 92(1), 37–47.
Sherard, J. L., and Cooke, J. B. (1987). “Concrete-face rockfill dam: I. Assessment.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1096–1112.
State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. (2001). Seismic ground motion parameter zonation map of China, Standards Press of China, Beijing.
Uddin, N. (1999). “A dynamic analysis procedure for concrete-faced rockfill dams subjected to strong seismic excitation.” Comput. Struct., 72(1–3), 409–421.
Westergaard, H. M. (1933). “Water pressures on dams during earthquakes.” Trans. ASCE, 98(2), 418–432.
Wu, S., and Jiang, P. (1992). “Dynamic shear properties of contact surface between soil and concrete.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng., 14(2), 61–66.
Xiao, Y., Liu, H., Sun, Y., Liu, H., and Chen, Y. (2015). “Stress–dilatancy behaviors of coarse granular soils in three-dimensional stress space.” Eng. Geol, 195, 104–110.
Xu, B., Zou, D., Kong, X., Hu, Z., and Zhou, Y. (2015). “Dynamic damage evaluation on the slabs of the concrete faced rockfill dam with the plastic-damage model.” Comput. Geotech., 65(Apr), 258–265.
Xu, J., and Zeng, Z. (2015). “Applying optimal control model to dynamic equipment allocation problem: case study of concrete-faced rockfill dam construction project.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage., 536–550.
Zhang, C., Xu, Y., Wang, G., and Jin, F. (2000). “Non-linear seismic response of arch dams with contraction joint opening and joint reinforcements.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29(10), 1547–1566.
Zhang, G., and Zhang, J. M. (2009). “Numerical modeling of soil–structure interface of a concrete-faced rockfill dam.” Comput. Geotech., 36(5), 762–772.
Zienkiewicz, O. C., Chan, A. H. C., Pastor, M., Schrefler, B. A., and Shiomi, T. (1999). Computational geomechanics (with special reference to earthquake engineering), Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
Zou, D., Xu, B., Kong, X., Liu, H., and Zhou, Y. (2013). “Numerical simulation of the seismic response of the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam during the Wenchuan earthquake based on a generalized plasticity model.” Comput. Geotech., 49(0), 111–122.
Zou, D., You, H., Kong, X., and Xu, B. (2003). Geotechnical dynamic nonlinear analysis GEODYNA user manual, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Dalian Univ. of Technology, Dalian, China.
Zou, D., You, H., Kong, X., and Xu, B. (2009). “Research on joint simplified model and effects of joint parameters on panel stress and joint displacements of faced rockfill dam.” Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 28(S1), 3257–3263.
Zou, D., Zhou, Y., Ling, H. I., Kong, X., and Xu, B. (2012). “Dislocation of face-slabs of Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam during Wenchuan earthquake.” J. Earthquake Tsunami, 6(2), 1250007.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17 • Issue 12 • December 2017
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 20, 2015
Accepted: May 22, 2017
Published online: Oct 13, 2017
Published in print: Dec 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Mar 13, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.