Investigation of Deflection of a Laterally Loaded Pile and Soil Deformation Using the PIV Technique
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17, Issue 6
Abstract
For this study, a scaled model test is conducted to investigate the deflection of a laterally loaded pile and soil deformation in loose sand. An optical experimental setup is developed to capture images of soil movement and the readings of strain gauges along the pile. The deflection of the pile, derived from readings of the strain gauges, increases with the increasing lateral loads. Additionally, the displacement fields of ground surface and profile from a series of images are calculated using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. This technique provides a more accurate estimate of the pile deflection compared with the double integration (DI) method. The images illustrate that the sand rotated in a position approximately 160 mm deep, which is identical to the results of the DI method. Finite-element analysis is used to simulate the model test, which verifies the accuracy of the PIV technique. The results demonstrate that the PIV technique and this optical setup are suitable for solving soil–pile interaction problems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 51308164 and 51304057), the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (Grant 2016A030310345), the Open Program of State Key Laboratory for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Grant SKLGDUEK1406), and the Science and Technology Plan Project of Wuhan City Urban and Rural Commission (Grant 201620). The editorial help from Professor Galen Leonhardy of Black Hawk College is also greatly appreciated.
References
Adrian, R. J. (1984). “Scattering particle characteristics and their effect on pulsed laser measurements of fluid flow: Speckle velocimetry vs. particle image velocimetry.” Appl. Opt., 23(11), 1690–1691.
Allen, J. D., and Reese, L. C. (1980). “Small scale tests for the determination of p-y curves in layered soils.” Proc., 12th Offshore Technology Conf., Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Paper No. 3743, 109–111.
Ashour, M., and Ardalan, H. (2012). “P-y curve and lateral response of piles in fully liquefied sands.” Can. Geotech. J., 49(6), 633–650.
Bogard, J. D., Matlock, H., and Chan, J. H. C. (1991). “In-situ model pile experiments at West Delta 58A.” Proc., 23rd Offshore Technology Conf., Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Paper No. 6513, 133–143.
Chiou, J. S., Tai, W. L., Chen, C. H., and Chen, C. H. (2014). “Lateral hysteretic behavior of an aluminum model pile in saturated loose sand.” J. Chin. Inst. Eng., 37(3), 313–324.
Fan, C., and Long, J. H. (2005). “Assessment of existing methods for predicting soil response of laterally loaded piles in sand.” Comput. Geotech., 32(4), 274–289.
Frier, C., and Sorensen, J. D. (2007). “Finite element reliability analysis of chloride ingress into reinforced concrete structures.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 3(4), 355–366.
Gardoni, P., Der Kiureghian, A., and Mosalam, K. M. (2002). “Probabilistic capacity models and fragility estimates for reinforced concrete columns based on experimental observations.” J. Eng. Mech., 1024–1038.
Georgiadis, M., Anagnostopoulos, C., and Saflekou, S. (1992). “Centrifugal testing of laterally loaded piles in sand.” Can. Geotech. J., 29(2), 208–216.
Hajialilue-Bonab, M., Sojoudi, Y., and Puppala, A. (2013). “Study of strain wedge parameters for laterally loaded piles.” Int. J. Geomech., 143–152.
Liu, J., and Iskander, M. (2004). “Adaptive cross correlation for imaging displacements in soils.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 46–57.
Liu J., Yuan B., Mai V., and Dimaano, R. (2011). “Optical measurement of sand deformation around a laterally loaded pile.” J. Test. Eval., 39(5), 754–759.
Masoud, H. B., Habin, A. S., and Yones, S. (2011). “Soil deformation pattern around laterally loaded piles.” Int. J. Phys. Model. Geotech., 11(3), 116–125.
MATLAB [Computer software]. MathWorks, Natick, MA.
Osman, A., and Randolph, M. (2012). “Analytical solution for the consolidation around a laterally loaded pile.” Int. J. Geomech., 199–208.
Pick, S., and Lehmann, F. O. (2009). “Stereoscopic PIV on multiple color-coded light sheets and its application to axial flow in flapping robotic insect wings.” Exp. Fluids, 47(6), 1009–1023.
Pilling, P., Ashour, M., and Norris, G. (2001). “Strain wedge model hybrid analysis of laterally loaded pile group.” Transportation Research Record, 1772, 115–121.
PIVview2CDemo [Computer software]. German Aerospace Center, PIVTEC GmbH, Göttingen, Germany.
Poulos, H. G. (1971). “Behavior of laterally loaded piles. I: Single piles.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 97(5), 711–731.
Pressley, J. S., and Poulos, H. G. (1986). “Finite element analysis of mechanisms of pile groups.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 10(2), 213–221.
Reese, L. C., and Impe, W. F. (2001). Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Rollins, K., Lane, J., and Gerber, T. (2005). “Measured and computed lateral response of a pile group in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 103–114.
Su, D. (2012). “Resistance of short stiff piles to multidirectional lateral loadings.” Geotech. Test. J., 35(2), 313–329.
Sun, K. (1994). “Laterally loaded piles in elastic media.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1324–1344.
Wong, K. (2012). “Passive failure and deformation mechanisms due to tunnelling in sand and clay.” Ph.D. thesis, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
Yang, C. C., Lin, S. S., Juang, C. H., and Lee, W. E. (2002). “Analysis of laterally loaded piles in a two-layered elastic medium.” Proc., Int. Deep Foundations Congress, Deep Foundations 2002: An International Perspective on Theory, Design, Construction, and Performance, ASCE, Reston, VA, 80–94.
Yang, Z. X., Jardine, R. J., Zhu, B. T., Foray, P., and Tsuha, C. H. C. (2010). “Sand grain crushing and interface shearing during displacement pile installation in sand.” Géotechnique, 60(6), 469–482.
Yoshimine, M., Ishihara, K., and Vargas, W. (1998). “Effects of principal stress direction and intermediate principal stress on undrained shear behavior of sand.” Soils Found., 38(3), 179–188.
Yuan, B., Chen, R., Deng, G., Peng, T., Luo, Q., and Yang, X. (2017). “Accuracy of interpretation methods for deriving p–y curves from model pile tests in layered soils.” J. Test. Eval., 45(4).
Yuan, B., Chen, R., Li, J., Wang, Y., and Chen, W. (2016). “A hydraulic gradient similitude testing system for studying the responses of a laterally loaded pile and soil deformation.” Environ. Earth Sci., 75(2), 1–7.
Yuan, B., Chen, R., Teng, J., Peng, T., and Feng, Z. (2015). “Investigation on 3D ground deformation and response of active and passive piles in a loose sand.” Environ. Earth Sci., 73(11), 7641–7649.
Yuan, B., Chen, W., Jiang, T., Wang, Y., and Chen, K. (2013). “Stereo particle image velocimetry measurement of 3D soil deformation around a laterally loaded pile in sand.” J. Cent. South Univ. Technol., 20(3), 791–798.
Yuan, B., Liu, J., Chen, W., and Xia, K. (2012). “Development of a robust Stereo-PIV system for 3-D soil deformation measurement.” J. Test. Eval., 40(2), 256–264.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17 • Issue 6 • June 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 5, 2016
Accepted: Sep 19, 2016
Published online: Nov 10, 2016
Discussion open until: Apr 10, 2017
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.