Kinematic Bending Moments in Square Pile Groups
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper describes kinematic seismic interaction analysis of square pile groups in homogeneous soil deposits, focusing on bending moments induced by the transient motion. Analyses were performed by means of a three-dimensional (3D) numerical procedure able to account for both pile–soil–pile interaction and radiation damping. The seismic motion was defined by an artificial accelerogram at the outcropping bedrock, and one-dimensional (1D) propagation analyses were performed to define the free-field motion within the deposits. An extensive parametric study was conducted to determine the effects of different variables, such as the soil properties, the bedrock location, the number of piles, and the pile spacing, on the dynamic response of pile-group foundations. Bending moments obtained from the analyses of the pile group, both at the pile head and at the interface separating soil layers, were normalized with respect to the single-pile bending moments, allowing for the proposal of a new design formula for the estimation of the kinematic bending moments in the most stressed pile of the group, starting from the knowledge of the single-pile response. The proposed formula was used, in conjunction with some simplified approaches that allow estimation of the single-pile response, to evaluate bending moments in the analyzed pile groups. The adequacy of the formula for design purposes is demonstrated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abd Elaziz, A., and El Naggar, M. (2015). “Performance of hollow bar micropiles under monotonic and cyclic lateral loads.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 04015010.
Basack, S., and Dey, S. (2012). “Influence of relative pile-soil stiffness and load eccentricity on single pile response in sand under lateral cyclic loading.” Geotech. Geol. Eng., 737–751.
Basack, S., and Sen, S. (2013). “Numerical solution of single pile subjected to simultaneous torsional and axial loads.” Int. J. Geomech., 06014006.
Bradley, B., Cubrinovski, M., and Dhakal, R. P. (2008). “Performance-based seismic response of pile foundations.” Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Geotechnical special publication 181, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–11.
Cairo, R., Conte, E., and Dente, G. (2005). “Interaction factors for the analysis of pile groups in layered soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 525–528.
Carbonari, S., Morici, M., Dezi, F., and Leoni, G. (2016). “Analytical evaluation of impedances and kinematic response of inclined piles.” Eng. Struct., 117, 384–396.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2004). “EN 1998-1: Design of structure for earthquake resistance. Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings.” Eurocode 8, Brussels, Belgium.
De Sanctis, L., Maiorano, R. M. S., and Aversa, S. (2010). “A method for assessing bending moments at the pile head.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39, 375–397.
Dezi, F., Carbonari, S., and Leoni, G. (2009). “A model for the 3D kinematic interaction analysis of pile groups in layered soils.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38(11), 1281–1305.
Dezi, F., Carbonari, S., and Leoni, G. (2010a). “Kinematic bending moments in pile foundations.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 30, 119–132.
Dezi, F., Carbonari, S., and Leoni, G. (2010b). “Static equivalent method for the kinematic interaction analysis of single piles.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 30, 679–690.
Dezi, F., Gara, F., and Roia, D. (2012). “Dynamic response of a near-shore pile to lateral impact load.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 40, 34–47.
Dezi, F., Gara, F., and Roia, D. (2013). “Experimental study of near-shore pile-to-pile interaction.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 48, 282–293.
Di Laora, R., Mylonakis, G., and Mandolini, A. (2013). “Pile-head kinematic bending in layered soil.” Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(3), 319–337.
Dobry, R., and Gazetas, G. (1988). “Simple methods for dynamic stiffness and damping of floating pile groups.” Géotechnique, 38(4), 557–574.
Elahi, H., Moradi, M., Poulos, H. G., and Ghalandarzadeh, A. (2010). “Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of pile group.” Comput. Geotech., 37(1–2), 25–39.
Ettouney, M. M., Brennan, J. A., and Forte, M. F. (1983). “Dynamic behavior of pile groups.” J. Geotech. Eng., 301–317.
Gazetas, G., Fan, K., and Kaynia, A. (1993). “Dynamic response of pile groups with different configurations.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 12(4), 239–257.
Gazetas, G., Fan, K., Kaynia, A. M., and Kausel, E. (1991). “Dynamic interaction factors for floating pile groups.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1531–1548.
Ghazavi, M., Ravanshenas, P., and El Naggar, M. H. (2013). “Interaction between inclined pile groups subjected to harmonic vibrations.” Soils Found., 53(6), 789–803.
Kaynia, A. M. and Kausel, E. (1982). “Dynamic behavior of pile groups.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 509–532.
Larosche, A., Cukrov, M., Sanders, D., and Ziehl, P. (2013). “Prestressed pile to bent cap connections: Seismic performance of a full-scale three-pile specimen.” J. Bridge Eng., 04013012.
Makris, N., and Gazetas, G. (1992). “Dynamic pile–soil–pile interaction. Part II: Lateral and seismic response.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 21(2), 145–162.
Makris, N., and Gazetas, G. (1993). “Displacement phase differences in a harmonically oscillating pile.” Géotechnique, 43(1), 135–150.
Mylonakis, G., and Gazetas, G. (1999). “Lateral vibration and internal forces of grouped piles in layered soil.” J. Geotech. Eng., 16–25.
Mylonakis, G., Nikolaou, A., and Gazetas, G. (1997). “Soil-pile-bridge seismic interaction: Kinematic and inertial effects. Part I: Soft soil.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(3), 337–359.
Padrón, L. A., Aznárez, J. J., and Maeso, O. (2007). “BEM-FEM coupling model for the dynamic analysis of piles and pile groups.” Eng. Anal. Boundary Elem., 31(6), 473–484.
Pender, M. J. (1995). “Earthquake-resistant design of foundations.” Keynote address Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, PCEE95, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Poulos, H. G. (1971). “Behavior of laterally loaded piles. II: Pile groups.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 97(SM5), 733–751.
Sica, S., Mylonakis, G., and Simonelli, A. L. (2011). “Transient kinematic pile bending in two-layer soil.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 31(7), 891–905.
Vucetic, M., and Dobry, R. (1991). “Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response.” J. Geotech. Eng., 89–107.
Waas, G., and Hartmann H. G. (1981). “Analysis of pile foundations under dynamic loads.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Vol. K, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Wang, J., Zhou, D., and Liu, W. (2014). “Horizontal impedance of pile groups considering shear behavior of multilayered soils.” Soils Found., 54(5), 927–937.
Wolf, J. P. (1985). Dynamic soil-structure-interaction, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Wolf, J. P., and Von Arx, G. A. (1978). “Impedance function of a group of vertical piles.” Proc., Specialty Conf. on Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Vol. 2. ACSE, Reston, VA, 1024–1041.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17 • Issue 3 • March 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 1, 2015
Accepted: May 27, 2016
Published online: Aug 8, 2016
Discussion open until: Jan 8, 2017
Published in print: Mar 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.