Abstract
As the level of renewable and distributed energy resources (DER) increases in power systems, there is a coincident effort to ensure ongoing reliability. Microgrids are likely to play a central role in this development globally. However, a counterpoint is the high cost of microgrid operations, and there exists a need to develop efficient tools to operate microgrids optimally and economically. In this paper, the potential of demand response (DR) to reduce microgrid operation cost while supporting renewable integration is investigated. Three types of DR, namely thermostatically controlled load (TCL), deferrable load (DL), and elastic load (EL), are explored in the context of various system conditions. Because systems with significant renewables and DER are subject to high levels of uncertainty, the investigation is conducted under a stochastic rolling-horizon optimization framework that leverages the update of renewable generation forecast and the energy market real-time prices (RTP). A case study illustrates that certain system conditions, such as price peaks and moderate temperatures, facilitate best demand response performance. Conversely, inaccurate price forecast information can lead to ineffectual operation of microgrids and result in higher cost. The insights provided by the study of various types of DR are helpful for microgrid design with consumers’ preferences taken into consideration.
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Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by the USDOE under Award No. DE-OE0000843. Disclaimer: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
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Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 4 • August 2020
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©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Oct 31, 2018
Accepted: Jan 3, 2020
Published online: May 19, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Oct 19, 2020
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