Assessment of Emissions during Transient Diesel Engine Operation with Biodiesel Blends
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 3
Abstract
The target of the present work is to review the literature regarding the effects of biodiesel blends on nitrogen oxide () emissions during the transient operation of diesel engines (acceleration, load increase, starting, driving cycles). The most important mechanisms are analyzed on the basis of the fundamental aspects of transient conditions and the effects that biodiesel physical and chemical properties have relative to conventional diesel oil; biodiesel feedstock and driving cycle effects are also emphasized. In parallel, a comprehensive statistical analysis is presented regarding the effects of biodiesel blends on emissions for engines running on transient cycles during the last 30 years. For the majority of the reviewed transients, an increasing trend in emissions is established when the biodiesel ratio in the fuel blend increases. Moreover, the biodiesel emission penalty seems to increase for more aggressive cycles and for increasing feedstock unsaturation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Agarwal, A. K. (2007). “Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels in internal combustion engines.” Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci., 33(3), 233–271.
Ayhan, V. (2012). “The effects of emulsified fuel on the performance and emission of direct injection diesel engine.” J. Energy Eng., 91–98.
Bakeas, E., Karavalakis, G., Fontaras, G., Stournas, S. (2011). “An experimental study on the impact of biodiesel origin on the regulated and PAH emissions from a Euro 4 light-duty vehicle.” Fuel, 90(11), 3200–3208.
Bannister, C. D., et al. (2010). “The impact of biodiesel blend ratio on vehicle performance and emissions.” J. Automob. Eng., 224(3), 405–421.
Chapman, E., Hile, M., Pague, M., Song, J., and Boehman, A. (2003). “Eliminating the NOx emissions increase associated with biodiesel.” Am. Chem. Soc., 48(2), 639–640.
Cheng, A. S., Upatnieks, A., and Mueller, C. J. (2006). “Investigation of the impact of biodiesel fuelling on NOx emissions using an optical direct injection diesel engine.” Int. J. Engine Res., 7(4), 297–318.
Choi, C. Y., Bower, G. R., and Reitz, R. D. (1997). “Effects of biodiesel blended fuels and multiple injections on DI Diesel engines.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 970218, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Couse, J. (1992). “Diesel as case of consumer choice in alternative transport fuels.” J. Energy Eng., 95–108.
Demirbas, A. (2007). “Progress and recent trends in biofuels.” Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci., 33(1), 1–18.
Giakoumis, E. G. (2012). “A statistical investigation of biodiesel effects on regulated exhaust emissions during transient cycles.” Appl. Energy, 98, 273–291.
Giakoumis, E. G. (2013). “A statistical investigation of biodiesel physical and chemical properties, and their correlation with the degree of unsaturation.” Renew. Energy, 50, 858–878.
Giakoumis, E. G., Rakopoulos, C. D., Dimaratos A. M., and Rakopoulos, D. C. (2012). “Exhaust emissions of diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends.” Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci., 38(5), 691–715.
Graboski, M. S., and McCormick, R. L. (1998). “Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines.” Progr. Energy Combust. Sci., 24(2), 125–164.
Graboski, M. S., Ross, J. D., and McCormick, R. L. (1996). “Transient emissions from No. 2 diesel and biodiesel blends in a DDC Series 60 engine.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 961166, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Hagena, J. R., Filipi, Z. S., and Assanis, D. N. (2006). “Transient diesel emissions: analysis of engine operation during a tip-in.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 2006-01-1151, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Hansen, A. C., Kyritsis, D. C., and Lee, C. F. (2009). “Characteristics of biofuels and renewable fuel standards.” Biomass to biofuels—strategies for global industries, A. A. Vertes, H. P. Blaschek, H. Yukawa and N. Qureshi, eds., John Wiley, New York.
Heywood, J. B. (1988). Internal combustion engine fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hoekman, S. K., Broch, A., Robbins, C., Ceniceros, E., and Natarajan, M. (2012). “Review of biodiesel composition, properties and specifications.” Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 16(1), 143–169.
Ireland, J., McCormick, R. L., Yanowitz, J., and Wright, S. (2009). “Improving biodiesel emissions and fuel efficiency with fuel-specific engine calibration.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 2009-01-0492, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Knothe, G. (2005). “Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters.” Fuel Process. Technol., 86(10), 1059–1070.
Knothe, G., Sharp, C. A., and Ryan, T. W. (2006). “Exhaust emissions of biodiesel, petrodiesel, neat methyl esters, and alkanes in a new technology engine.” Energy Fuels, 20(1), 403–408.
Komninos, N. P., and Rakopoulos, C. D. (2012). “Modeling HCCI combustion of biofuels: A review.” Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 16(3), 1588–1610.
Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., and Rodriguez-Fernandez, J. (2008). “Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions.” Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci., 34(2), 198–223.
Law, C. K. (2006). Combustion physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lujan, J. M., Bermudez, V., Tormos, B., and Pla, B. (2009). “Comparative analysis of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends during the European MVEG-A cycle: Performance and emissions (II).” Biomass Bioenerg., 33(6–7), 948–956.
Magand, S., et al. (2011). “Use of ethanol/diesel blend and advanced calibration methods to satisfy Euro 5 emission standards without DPF.” Oil Gas Sci. Technol., 66(5), 855–875.
McCormick, R. L., et al. (2005). “Regulated emissions from biodiesel tested in heavy-duty engines meeting 2004 emission standards.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 2005-01-2200, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
McCormick, R. L., Alvarez, J., and Graboski, M. S. (2003). “NOx solutions for biodiesel.” Final Rep. NREL/SR-510-31465, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
McCormick, R. L., Graboski, M. S., Alleman, T. L., and Herring, A. M. (2001). “Impact of biodiesel source material and chemical structure on emissions of criteria pollutants from a heavy-duty engine.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(9), 1742–1747.
Mueller, C. J., Boehman, A. L., and Martin, G. C. (2009). “An experimental investigation of the origin of increased NOx emissions when fueling a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine with soy biodiesel.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 2009-01-1792, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Musculus, M. (2005). “Measurements of influence of soot radiation on in-cylinder temperature and exhaust NOx in a heavy-duty DI diesel engine.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 2005-01-0925, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Nuszkowski, J., Tincher, R. R., and Thompson, G. J. (2009). “Evaluation of the NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines with the addition of cetane improvers.” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng., 223(8), 1049–1060.
Peterson, C. L., Taberski, J. S., Thompson, J. C., and Chase, C. L. (2000). “The effects of biodiesel feedstock on regulated emissions in chassis dynamometer tests of a pickup truck.” Trans. ASABE, 43(6), 1371–1381.
Pinzi, S., Garcia, I. L., Lopez-Gimenez, F. J., Luque de Castro, M. D., Dorado, G., Dorado, M. P. (2009). “The ideal vegetable oil-based biodiesel composition: A review of social, economic and technical implications.” Energy Fuels, 23(5), 2325–2341.
Rakopoulos, C. D., Antonopoulos, K. A., Rakopoulos, D. C., Hountalas, D. T., and Giakoumis, E. G. (2006). “Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins.” Energy Convers. Manage., 47(18–19), 3272–3287.
Rakopoulos, C. D., Dimaratos, A. M., Giakoumis, E. G., and Peckham, M. S. (2010). “Experimental assessment of turbocharged diesel engine transient emissions during acceleration, load change and starting.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 2010-01-1287, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Rakopoulos, C. D., and Giakoumis, E. G. (2006). “Review of thermodynamic diesel engine simulation under transient operating conditions.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Trans. J. Engines, 115, 467–504.
Rakopoulos, C. D., and Giakoumis, E. G. (2009). Diesel engine transient operation—principles of operation and simulation analysis, Springer, London.
Rakopoulos, D. C. (2012). “Heat release analysis of combustion in heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine operating on blends of diesel fuel with cottonseed or sunflower oils and their bio-diesel.” Fuel, 96, 524–534.
Sharp, C. A. (1994). “Transient emissions testing of biodiesel and other additives in a DDC Series 60 engine.” Southwest Research Institute Rep. for National Biodiesel Board, National Biodiesel Board, Jefferson City, MO.
Sun, J., Caton, J. A., and Jacobs, T. J. (2010). “Oxides of nitrogen emissions from biodiesel-fuelled diesel engines.” Progr. Energy Combust. Sci., 36(6), 677–695.
Sze, C., Whinihan, J. K., Olson, B. A., Schenk, C. R., and Sobotowski, R. A. (2007). “Impact of test cycle and biodiesel concentration on emissions.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 2007-01-4040, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Szybist, J. P., Song, J., Alam, M., and Boehman, A. L. (2007). “Biodiesel combustion, emissions and emission control.” Fuel Process. Technol., 88(7), 679–691.
Tat, M. E., Van Gerpen, J. H., Soylu, S., Canakci, M., Monyem, A., and Wormley, S. (2000). “The speed of sound and isentropic bulk modulus of biodiesel at 21oC from atmospheric pressure to 35 MPa.” J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77(3), 285–289.
Tsolakis, A., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M. L., and Theinnoi, K. (2007). “Engine performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on diesel-RME (rapeseed methyl ester) blends with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation).” Energy, 32(11), 2072–2080.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2002). “A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions.” Draft Technical Rep. EPA 420-P-02-001, Washington, DC.
Watson, N., and Janota, M. S. (1986). Turbocharging the internal combustion engine, McGraw-Hill, London.
Wijetunge, R. S., Brace, C. J., Hawley, J. G., Vaughan, N. D., Horrocks, R. W., and Bird, G. L. (1999). “Dynamic behavior of a high speed direct injection diesel engine.” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. 1999-01-0829, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Zhang, Y., and Boehman, A. L. (2007). “Impact of biodiesel on NOx emissions in a common rail direct injection diesel engine.” Energy Fuels, 21(4), 2003–2012.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 11, 2013
Accepted: Apr 17, 2013
Published online: Apr 19, 2013
Discussion open until: Jun 21, 2014
Published in print: Sep 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.