Battery in the Form of a Soil-Matrix Composite
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 3
Abstract
This work has shown the feasibility of a soil-based battery, in which the electrolyte (soil) was continuous throughout the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The soil contained 49 wt.% water. The battery was in the shape of a soil-based monolithic slab and involved an anode (zinc, particle size 7 μm, acetic acid washed), a cathode (, particle size 40 μm), and an electrically conductive additive (carbon black, particle size 30 nm). A battery was composed of three successive layers: a cathode layer (a soil-matrix particle composite, 12 wt.% , 15 mm thick), an electrolyte layer (soil, 2 mm thick), and an anode layer (a soil-matrix zinc particle composite, 9 wt.% Zn, 5 mm thick). After assembly, it was compacted at a pressure of 1.67 MPa. The soil electrolyte exhibited resistivity of and a relative dielectric constant of 29 (1 kHz). The soil-based battery discharged at 10 mA () and exhibited open-circuit voltage up to 0.24 V, initial running voltage up to 0.17 V, power output up to , capacity up to 179 mAh, and fraction of zinc consumed up to 0.06. The running voltage decreased continuously during discharge. The soil-based battery was much superior to a previously reported cement-based battery.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Aurbach, D., and Schechter, A. (2004). “Advanced liquid electrolyte solutions.” Lithium batteries, G. Nazri and G. G. Pistoia, eds., Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA, 530–573.
Blomgren, G. E. (2003). “Liquid electrolytes for lithium and lithium-ion batteries.” J. Power Sources, 119–121, 326–329.
Edstroem, K., Gustafsson, T., and Thomas, J. (2004). “The cathode-electrolyte interface in a Li-ion battery.” Lithium-ion batteries, P. B. Balbuena and Y. Wang, eds., Imperial College, London, 337–364.
Gnomes’land, B. L. L. L. (1998). “Ground-soil battery for low-power electric receptors.”, 6.
Kim, N. J., Yoon, I. T., Kim, J. G., Kim, D. G., and Hwang, I. R. (2008). “Cap assembly for enhancing safety to prevent electrolyte leakage and cylindrical battery comprising thin cap assembly.”, South Korea, 13.
Lin, C., and Chung, D. D. L. (2007). “Effect of carbon black structure on the effectiveness of carbon black thermal interface pastes.” Carbon, 45(15), 2922–2931.
Mahowald, P. H. (2006). “Soil battery.” U.S. Pat. App. Pub., US 2006019149.
Meng, M., and Chung, D. D. L. (2010). “Battery in the form of a cement-matrix composite.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 32(10), 829–839.
Nazri, M. (2004). “Liquid electrolytes: Some theoretical and practical aspects.” Lithium batteries, G. Nazri and G. G. Pistoia, eds., Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA, 509–529.
Notten, P. H. L., Roozeboom, F., Niessen, R. A. H., and Baggetto, L. (2007). “3-D Integrated all-solid-state rechargeable batteries.” Adv. Mater., 19(24), 4564–4567.
Ross, P. N., Jr. (2006). “Studies of interfacial chemistry in lithium and Li-ion battery system using infrared spectroscopy.” ECS Trans., 1 (26, Rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion batteries), The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 161–170.
Sadoway, D. R. (2004). “Block and graft copolymer electrolytes for high-performance, solid-state, lithium batteries.” J. Power Sources, 129(1), 1–3.
Takada, K., et al. (2004). “Solid state lithium batteries with sulfide-based solid electrolytes.” Solid state ionics: The science and technology of ions in motion, Proc., Asian Conf., 9th, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 425–436.
Webber, A., and Blomgren, G. E. (2002). “Ionic liquids for lithium ion and related batteries.” Advances in lithium-ion batteries, W. A. van Schalkwijk and B. Scrosati, eds., Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 185–232.
Wilkes, J. S. (2003). “The past, present and future of ionic liquids as battery electrolytes.” NATO science series, II: Mathematics, physics and chemistry, 92 (Green industrial applications of ionic liquids), R. D. Rogers, K. R. Seddon, and S. Volkov, eds., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 295–320.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 6, 2011
Accepted: Sep 19, 2012
Published online: Sep 22, 2012
Discussion open until: Aug 12, 2014
Published in print: Sep 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.