Technical Papers
Sep 28, 2021

Cohesive Fracture and Fiber Pullout Responses in Normal and SCC Fiber–Reinforced Concrete

Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 147, Issue 12

Abstract

The link between the fracture behavior of fiber–reinforced concrete composite and the underlying mechanisms that influence the pullout behavior of fiber are studied. The influence of the fiber-matrix bond on the cohesive stress response in fracture is evaluated for normal vibration compacted concrete (NC) and self-compacting concrete (SCC) matrixes. The fracture response of steel fiber–reinforced SCC (SFSCC) improves significantly when compared with steel fiber–reinforced NC (SFNC). The cohesive stress-crack opening (σw) relationship derived from the measured fracture responses indicates that a significantly higher crack closing stress is generated at smaller crack opening in SFSCC than SFNC. The pullout resistance of the steel fiber embedded in the SCC matrix improves significantly compared with NC. The enhancements in the cohesive debonding and frictional components of resistance contribute to the improved pullout resistance of the steel fiber from SCC. The improvement in the fiber-SCC matrix bond results in increased efficiency of the fibers and produces an increase in stiffness and peak load in the resistance to the pullout of fiber from the SCC matrix when compared with NC. The enhancement in the pullout response of the fibers from SCC contributes to improvements in the cohesive stress mobilized at smaller crack openings in SFSCC.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge support from Mr. K. Chiranjeevi Reddy for data interpretation and inversion analysis. The authors’ contributions to this paper are as follows: Manjunath V. Bhogone contributed Methodology, Investigation, and Writing in the original draft; Silpa S. Pazhankave contributed Methodology and Investigation; and Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam reviewed and edited Conceptualization and Writing, and editing for Supervision.

References

Abdallah, S., M. Fan, and X. Zhou. 2017. “Pull-out behaviour of hooked end steel fibres embedded in ultra-high performance mortar with various W/B ratios.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (2): 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0193-8.
Abrishambaf, A., V. M. C. F. Cunha, and J. A. O. Barros. 2015. “The influence of fibre orientation on the post-cracking tensile behaviour of steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete.” Frattura ed Integrita Strutturale 31 (31): 38–53. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.31.04.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Akcay, B., and M. A. Tasdemir. 2012. “Mechanical behaviour and fibre dispersion of hybrid steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.044.
Alwan, J., A. E. Naaman, and P. Guerrero. 1999. “Effect of mechanical clamping on the pull-out response of hooked steel fibers embedded in cementitious matrices.” Concr. Sci. Eng. 1 (1): 15–25.
Balaguru, P. N., and S. P. Shah. 1992. Fiber–reinforced cement composites. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Banthia, N., and J. Trottier. 1995. “Concrete reinforced with deformed steel fibers, part I : Bond-slip mechanisms.” Mater. J. 91 (5): 435–446.
Barros, J. A. O., V. M. C. F. Cunha, A. F. Ribeiro, and J. A. B. Antunes. 2005. “Post-cracking behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete.” Mater. Struct. 38 (275): 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1617/14058.
Bentur, A., and S. Mindess. 1990. Fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1970. Indian standard specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete (second revision). IS: 383. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2003. Indian standard pulverized fuel ash—Specification Part 2 for use as admixture in cement mortar and concrete. IS: 3812 (Part 2). New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2013. Indian standard ordinary portland cement, 53 grade specification. IS: 12269. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Buratti, N., C. Mazzotti, and M. Savoia. 2011. “Post-cracking behaviour of steel and macro-synthetic fibre-reinforced concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2713–2722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.022.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Test method for metallic fibre concrete—Measuring the flexural tensile strength (limit of proportionality (LOP), residual). Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chanvillard, G., and P.-C. Aitcin. 1996. “Pull-out behavior of corrugated steel fibers: Qualitative and statistical analysis.” Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 4 (1): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1065-7355(96)90060-7.
Cunha, V. M. C. F., J. A. O. Barros, and J. M. Sena-Cruz. 2010. “Pullout behavior of steel fibers in self-compacting concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000001.
EFNARC (European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems). 2005. The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete specification, production and use. Farnham, UK: EFNARC.
fib (International Federation for Structural Concrete). 2010. fib model code for concrete structures 2010. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
Gali, S., D. Sharma, and K. V. L. Subramaniam. 2018. “Influence of steel fibers on fracture energy and shear behavior of SCC.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (11): 04018295. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002496.
Gali, S., and K. V. L. Subramaniam. 2018a. “Improvements in fracture behavior and shear capacity of fiber reinforced normal and self consolidating concrete: A comparative study.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (Nov): 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.194.
Gali, S., and K. V. L. Subramaniam. 2018b. “Multi-linear stress-crack separation relationship for steel fiber reinforced concrete: Analytical framework and experimental evaluation.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 93 (Feb): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2017.06.018.
Gali, S., and K. V. L. Subramaniam. 2019. “Influence of cohesive stresses on shear capacity of reinforced SFRC beams without stirrups: A discrete crack approach.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 206 (Feb): 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.11.035.
Gettu, R., D. R. Gardner, H. Saldívar, and B. E. Barragán. 2005. “Study of the distribution and orientation of fibers in SFRC specimens.” Mater. Struct. 38 (275): 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480572.
Gopalaratnam, V. S., and S. P. Shah. 1984. “Post-cracking characteristics of concrete in uniaxial tension.” Eng. Mech. Civ. Eng. 2 (Jan): 1393–1398.
Groth, P. 2000. Fiber reinforced concrete—Fracture mechanics methods applied on self-compacting concrete and energetically modified binders. Lulea, Sweden: Lulea Univ. of Technology.
Hillerborg, A. 1980. “Analysis of fracture by means of the fictitious crack model, particularly for fibre reinforced concrete.” Int. J. Cem. Compos. 2 (4): 177–184.
Khayat, K. H., and G. De Schutter. 2014. “Mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete.” In State-of-the-art report of the RILEM technical committee 228-MPS on mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. New York: Springer.
Kim, D. J., S. El-Tawil, and A. E. Naaman. 2009. “Rate-dependent tensile behavior of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites.” Mater. Struct. 42 (3): 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9390-x.
Kitsutaka, Y., Y. Uchida, H. Mihashi, Y. Kaneko, S. Nakaumara, and N. Kurihara. 2001. “Draft on the JCI standard test method for determining tension softening properties of concrete.” In Proc., Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, FRAMCOS-4, edited by R. de Borst, J. Mazars, G. Pijaudier-Cabo, and J. G. M. van Mier. Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Kooiman, A. G., C. Van Der Veen, and J. C. Walraven. 2000. “Modelling the post-cracking behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete for structural design purposes.” Heron 45 (4): 275–307.
Leung, C. K. Y., and N. Shapiro. 1999. “Optimal steel fiber strength for reinforcement of cementitious materials.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 11 (2): 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:2(116).
Li, V. C., and H. Stang. 1997. “Interface property characterization and strengthening mechanisms in fiber reinforced cement based composites.” Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 6 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1065-7355(97)90001-8.
Li, V. C., Y. Wang, and S. Backer. 1990. “Effect of inclining angle, bundling and surface treatment on synthetic fibre pull-out from a cement matrix.” Composites 21 (2): 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(90)90005-H.
Naaman, A. E., and H. S. Najm. 1991. “Bond-slip of steel fibers in concrete.” Mater. J. 88 (2): 135–145.
Naaman, A. E., and H. W. Reinhardt. 1995. “High performance fiber reinforced cement composites 2 (HPFRCC2).” In High performance fiber reinforced cement composites. London: E & FN Spon.
Nanakorn, P., and H. Horii. 1996. “Back analysis of tension-softening relationship.” J. Mater. Concr. Struct. Pavement 32 (544): 265–275.
Petersson, P. E. 1980. “Fracture energy of concrete: Practical performance and experimental results.” Cem. Concr. Res. 10 (1): 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(80)90055-1.
Pons, G., M. Mouret, M. Alcantara, and J. L. Granju. 2007. “Mechanical behaviour of self-compacting concrete with hybrid fibre reinforcement.” Mater. Struct. 40 (2): 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9131-y.
Ramakrishnan, V., T. Brandshaug, W. V. Coyle, and E. K. Schrader. 1980. “A comparative evaluation of concrete reinforced with straight steel fibers and fibers with deformed ends glued together into bundles.” J. Proc. 77 (3): 135–143.
Reddy, C. K., and K. V. L. Subramaniam. 2017a. “Analysis for multi-linear stress-crack opening cohesive relationship: Application to macro-synthetic fiber reinforced concrete.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 169 (Jan): 128–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.11.015.
Reddy, K. C., and K. V. L. Subramaniam. 2017b. “Experimental investigation of crack propagation and post-cracking behaviour in macrosynthetic fibre reinforced concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (9): 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.16.00396.
Reinhardt, H. W. 1984. “Fracture mechanics of an elastic softening material like concrete.” Heron 29 (2): 3–42.
RILEM TC 162-TDF. 2003. “Test and design methods for steel fibre reinforced concrete σ-ε-design method. Final recommendation.” Mater. Struct. 36 (262): 560–567.
Soroushian, P., and Z. Bayasi. 1991. “Fiber-type effects on the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete.” Mater. J. 88 (2): 129–134.
Stähli, P., R. Custer, and J. G. M. Van Mier. 2008. “On flow properties, fibre distribution, fibre orientation and flexural behaviour of FRC.” Mater. Struct. 41 (1): 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9229-x.
Stang, H., and J. F. Olesen. 1998. “On the interpretation of bending tests on FRC-materials.” In Fracture mechanics of concrete structures, 511–520. Freiburg, Germany: AEDIFICATIO Publishers.
Stroeven, P. 1979. “Morphometry of fibre reinforced cementitious materials—Part II: Inhomogeneity, segregation and anisometry of partially oriented fibre structures.” Matér. Constr. 12 (1): 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473994.
Torrijos, M. C., B. E. Barragán, and R. L. Zerbino. 2010. “Placing conditions, mesostructural characteristics and post-cracking response of fibre reinforced self-compacting concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (6): 1078–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.11.008.
Uchida, Y., N. Kurihara, K. Rokugo, and W. Koyanagi. 1995. “Determination of tension softening diagrams of various kinds of concrete by means of numerical analysis.” In Proc., Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, FRAMCOS-2, edited by F. H. Wittmann. Freiburg, Germany: Aedificatio Publishers.
Visalvanich, K., and A. E. Naaman. 1983. “Fracture model for fiber reinforced concrete.” J. Am. Concr. Inst. 80 (2): 128–138.
Wei, S., J. A. Mandel, and S. Said. 1986. “Study of the interface strength in steel fiber–reinforced cement-based composites.” J. Am. Concr. Inst. 83 (4): 597–605.
Wille, K., and A. E. Naaman. 2012. “Pullout behavior of high-strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high-performance concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 109 (4): 479–488.
Yoo, D. Y., J. H. Lee, and Y. S. Yoon. 2013. “Effect of fiber content on mechanical and fracture properties of ultra high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites.” Compos. Struct. 106 (Dec): 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.07.033.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 147Issue 12December 2021

History

Received: Apr 5, 2021
Accepted: Aug 12, 2021
Published online: Sep 28, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 28, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Manjunath V. Bhogone
Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India.
Silpa S. Pazhankave
Graduate Assistant, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State Univ., Phoenix, AZ 85281.
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Rm. 310, Academic Block A, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5995-0911. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share