Abstract
Nondestructive ultrasound-based methods have been applied to evaluate the elastic properties of concrete materials. Although the wave modulus of elasticity of concrete frequently is reported to be higher than the static counterpart, the microstructural and physical mechanisms are not well understood. This study conducted a computational micromechanics to investigate the effects of aggregates and voids on both the effective wave modulus of elasticity and the static modulus of elasticity, based on concrete microstructures resolved with X-ray microtomography. It was demonstrated that the existence of void defects plays a significant role in the elastic properties of concrete compared with the aggregates. It was shown that the wave modulus of elasticity of concrete is higher than the static modulus of elasticity because of the existence of crack-like voids with small aspect ratios.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request, including the finite-element simulation data of dynamic wave propagation for single aggregate cases, finite-element simulation data of dynamic wave propagation for concrete with various volume fractions of aggregates, micro-CT experimental data of microstructures of concrete, finite-element simulation data of dynamic wave propagation for concrete with randomly distributed cracks, and finite-element simulation data of dynamic wave propagation for NAC and RAC concrete materials.
Acknowledgments
This work was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (Grant No. CMMI-1229405).
References
Acciani, G., G. Fornarelli, A. Giaquinto, and D. Maiullari. 2010. “Nondestructive evaluation of defects in concrete structures based on finite element simulations of ultrasonic wave propagation.” Nondestr. Test. Eval. 25 (4): 289–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10589751003658057.
Alger, M. 2017. Polymer science dictionary. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression. ASTM C469/C469M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Ausweger, M., E. Binder, O. Lahayne, R. Reihsner, G. Maier, M. Peyerl, and B. Pichler. 2019. “Early-age evolution of strength, stiffness, and non-aging creep of concretes: Experimental characterization and correlation analysis.” Materials 12 (2): 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020207.
Budiansky, B., and R. J. O’Connell. 1976. “Elastic moduli of a cracked solid.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 12 (2): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(76)90044-5.
Chaix, J.-F., M. Rossat, V. Garnier, and G. Corneloup. 2012. “An experimental evaluation of two effective medium theories for ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131 (6): 4481–4490. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4712022.
Dong, Y., C. Su, P. Qiao, and L. Sun. 2018. “Microstructural damage evolution and its effect on fracture behavior of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles.” Int. J. Damage Mech. 27 (8): 1272–1288.
Dormieux, L., and D. Kondo. 2009. “Stress-based estimates and bounds of effective elastic properties: The case of cracked media with unilateral effects.” Comput. Mater. Sci. 46 (1): 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.02.027.
Graff, K. F. 1991. Wave motion in elastic solids. New York: Dover.
Irfan-ul-Hassan, M., B. Pichler, R. Reihsner, and C. Hellmich. 2016. “Elastic and creep properties of young cement paste, as determined from hourly repeated minute-long quasi-static tests.” Cem. Concr. Res. 82 (Apr): 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.11.007.
Kim, J.-K., J. Woo, and W.-B. Na. 2008. “Finite element simulation of two-point elastic wave excitation method for damage detection in concrete structures.” Russ. J. Nondestr. Test. 44 (10): 719–726. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830908100094.
Kohlhauser, C., and C. Hellmich. 2013. “Ultrasonic contact pulse transmission for elastic wave velocity and stiffness determination: Influence of specimen geometry and porosity.” Eng. Struct. 47 (Feb): 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.10.027.
Leite, M. B., and P. J. M. Monteiro. 2016. “Microstructural analysis of recycled concrete using X-ray microtomography.” Cem. Concr. Res. 81 (Mar): 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.11.010.
Li, G., Y. Zhao, S.-S. Pang, and Y. Li. 1999. “Effective Young’s modulus estimation of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (9): 1455–1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00119-2.
Luo, Q., D. Liu, P. Qiao, Q. Feng, and L. Sun. 2018. “Microstructural damage characterization of concrete under freeze-thaw action.” Int. J. Damage Mech. 27 (10): 1551–1568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789517736573.
Nguyen, S.-T. 2017. “Effect of pore shape on the effective behavior of viscoelastic porous media.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 125 (Oct): 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.07.008.
Nwokoye, D. N. 1974. “Assessment of the elastic moduli of cement paste and mortar phases in concrete from pulse velocity tests.” Cem. Concr. Res. 4 (4): 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(74)90012-X.
Pan, H. H., Y. W. Liu, and F. Y. Wu. 2009. “Effect of micro-and nano-cracks for the mechanical properties of cementitious materials.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Construction Materials, 1141–1147. Nagoya, Japan: Japan Concrete Institute.
Philleo, R. E. 1955. “Comparison of results of three methods for determining Young’s modulus of elasticity of concrete.” ACI J. Proc. 51 (1): 461–469. https://doi.org/10.14359/11690.
Planès, T., and E. Larose. 2013. “A review of ultrasonic coda wave interferometry in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 53 (Nov): 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.07.009.
Popovics, S., J. L. Rose, and J. S. Popovics. 1990. “The behaviour of ultrasonic pulses in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 20 (2): 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(90)90079-D.
Qiao, P. 2010. Seismic performance and smart health monitoring of concrete with recycled aggregate. Part I: Smart health monitoring of concrete with recycled aggregate. Seattle: Univ. of Washington.
Qiao, P., and F. Chen. 2013. “Improved mechanical properties and early-age shrinkage resistance of recycled aggregate concrete with atomic polymer technology.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (7): 836–845. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000759.
Qiao, P., W. Fan, and F. Chen. 2011. “Material property assessment and crack identification of recycled concrete with embedded smart cement modules.” Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 7981 (Apr): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.882145.
Qixian, L., and J. H. Bungey. 1996. “Using compression wave ultrasonic transducers to measure the velocity of surface waves and hence determine dynamic modulus of elasticity for concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 10 (4): 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(96)00003-7.
Rezakhani, R., X. Zhou, and G. Cusatis. 2017. “Adaptive multiscale homogenization of the lattice discrete particle model for the analysis of damage and fracture in concrete.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 125 (Oct): 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.07.016.
Serón, F. J., F. J. Sanz, M. Kindelán, and J. I. Badal. 1990. “Finite-element method for elastic wave propagation.” Commun. Appl. Numer. Methods 6 (5): 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630060505.
Shuai, D., J. Wei, B. Di, and P. Ding. 2016. “Theoretical and experimental research on elastic wave velocity influenced by crack aperture.” In Proc., SPG/SEG 2016 Int. Geophysical Conf., 600–602. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Petroleum Geophysicists. https://doi.org/10.1190/IGCBeijing2016-184.
Smolarkiewicz, P. P., C. L. Nogueira, and K. J. Willam. 2000. “Ultrasonic evaluation of damage in heterogeneous concrete materials.” In Proc., European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS 2000), 1–13. Barcelona, Spain: International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering. http://congress2.cimne.com/eccomas/proceedings/eccomas2000/pdf/715.pdf.
Song, G., H. Gu, and Y.-L. Mo. 2008. “Smart aggregates: Multi-functional sensors for concrete structures—A tutorial and a review.” Smart Mater. Struct. 17 (3): 033001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/17/3/033001.
Sun, M., W. J. Staszewski, R. N. Swamy, and Z. Li. 2008. “Application of low-profile piezoceramic transducers for health monitoring of concrete structures.” NDT E Int. 41 (8): 589–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.06.007.
Wang, L., N. Limodin, A. El Bartali, J.-F. Witz, R. Seghir, J.-Y. Buffiere, and E. Charkaluk. 2016. “Influence of pores on crack initiation in monotonic tensile and cyclic loadings in lost foam casting A319 alloy by using 3D in-situ analysis.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A 673 (Sep): 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.036.
Yang, R.-B. 2003. “A dynamic generalized self-consistent model for wave propagation in particulate composites.” J. Appl. Mech. 70 (4): 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1576806.
Zaoui, A. 2002. “Continuum micromechanics: Survey.” J. Eng. Mech. 128 (8): 808–816. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:8(808).
Zheng, J., X. Zhou, and L. Sun. 2016. “Analytical prediction of the Young’s modulus of concrete with spheroidal aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (1): 04015080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001344.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 146 • Issue 5 • May 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 13, 2019
Accepted: Nov 12, 2019
Published online: Feb 22, 2020
Published in print: May 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jul 22, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.