Numerical Modeling of Tsunami Wave Run-Up and Effects on Sediment Scour around a Cylindrical Pier
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 138, Issue 10
Abstract
The linked two-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment-scour models have been enhanced to simulate tsunami wave run-up on a sloping beach to determine its effects on sediment scour around a cylinder pier located in the wave breaking and run-up zone. To resolve the steep wavefront of the tsunami bore, the kinetic flux vector splitting scheme was adopted to solve the hydrodynamic model equations in the unstructured triangular mesh. The models have been validated by comparing model simulations with experimental data. The results indicate that the model predictions of water surface elevations and velocity match well with the measured data. The error for peak flood elevation ranges from 0.01 to 0.11 m, and the maximum error for the peak velocity is 6%. The model simulations adequately characterize the tsunami wave propagations and transformations as the wave approaches the beach from offshore, especially for the sharp tsunami front before it breaks and the tsunami bore runs up in the beach slope. The model simulations also reasonably describe the dynamics of the sediment scour around a cylinder pier, showing the sediment scour during wave run-up and sediment deposition during wave rundown. The Model predictions of the final scour depths after the wave impact at three measurement stations reasonably matched the experimental measurements.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was partially supported by the Visiting Scholar Program of Zhejiang Province of China, the Florida State University, the National Science Foundation of China (No. 10772163), the Ministry of Water Resources special funds for scientific research on public causes (No. 201001072), and the Guanghua Fund of Tongji University.
References
Audusse, E., and Bristeau, M.-O. (2005). “A well-balanced positivity preserving ‘second-order’ scheme for shallow water flows on unstructured meshes.” J. Comput. Phys., 206(1), 311–333.
Cao, Z. D., and Wang, G. F. (1993). “Numerical simulation on sediment winnowing caused by wave and sediment transport by tidal current.” Acta Oceanol. Sin., 15(1), 107–118 (in Chinese).
Chowdhury, S., Gonzalez, F., MacArthur, R., and Synolakis, C. (2008). “FEMA coastal flood hazard analysis guidelines—focused study report on tsunami hazards.” Rep., FEMA, Washington, DC.
Fagherazzi, S., Rasetarinera, P., Hussaini, M. Y., and Furbish, D. J. (2004). “Numerical solution of the dam-break problem with a discontinuous Galerkin method.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(6), 532–539.
FEMA. (2008). “Guidelines for design of structures for vertical evacuation from tsunamis.” FEMA P646, Applied Technology Council, FEMA, Washington, DC.
Ghidaoui, M. S., Deng, J. Q., Gray, W. G., and Xu, K. (2001). “ A Boltzmann based model for open channel flows.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 35(4), 449–494.
Greenberg, J. M., and Leroux, A. Y. (1996). “A well-balanced scheme for the numerical processing of source terms in hyperbolic equations.” SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 33(1), 1–16.
Huang, W., Yang, Q., and Xiao, H. (2009). “ CFD modeling of scale effects on turbulence flow and scour around bridge piers.” Comput. Fluids, 38(5), 1050–1058.
Hui, W. H., and Pan, C. H. (2003). “Water level-bottom topography formulation for the shallow-water flow with application to the tidal bores on the Qiantang river.” Comput. Fluid Dyn. J., 112(3), 549–554.
HydroQual. (2002). ECOMSED user manual, HydroQual, Mahwah, NJ.
Jaffe, B. E., et al. (2010). “The limit of inundation of the September 29, 2009, tsunami on Tutuila, American Samoa.” Rep. 2010-1018, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
Li, M. (2006). “ A review on mathematical models of sediment in coastal and estuarine waters.” Chin. J. Ocean Eng., 24(1), 139–154.
Liu, P. L.-F., Synolakis, C., and Yeh, H. (1991). “Report on the international workshop on long-wave runup.” J. Fluid Mech., 229, 675–688.
Noelle, S., Pankratz, N., Puppo, G., and Natvig, J. R. (2006). “Well-balanced finite volume schemes of arbitrary order of accuracy for shallow water flows.” J. Comput. Phys., 213(2), 474–499.
Pan, C. H., and Huang, W. (2010). “Numerical modeling of suspended sediment transport in Qiantang River: An estuary affected by tidal bore.” J. Coastal Res., 26(6), 1123–1132.
Pan, C. H., Lin, B. Y., and Mao, X. Z. (2007). “Case study: Numerical modeling of the tidal bore on the Qiantang River, China.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 133(2), 130–138.
Richardson, E. V., and Davis, S. R. (2001). “Evaluating scour at bridges, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18.” 4th Ed., Rep. FHwA NHI 01-001, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Roberson, J. A., Cassidy, J. J., and Chaudhty, M. F. (1998). Hydraulic engineering, Wiley, New York.
Saatcioglu, M., Ghobarah, A., and Nistor, I. (2005). “Reconnaissance report on the December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami.” Rep., Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering, Ottawa.
Schwanenberg, D., and Harms, M. (2004). “ Discontinuous Galerkin finite-element method for transcritical two-dimensional shallow water flows.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(5), 412–421.
Tan, W. (1992). Shallow water hydrodynamics: Mathematical Theory and numerical solution for a two-dimensional system of shallow-water equations, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Tonkin, S., Yeh, H., and Kato, F. (2003). “Tsunami scour around a cylinder.” J. Fluid Mech., 496, 165–192.
Toro, E. F. (2001). Shock capturing methods for free surface shallow flows, Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
University of Southern California Tsunami Research Group (USCTRG). (2010). “1964 Alaska tsunami.” 〈http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/alaska/1964/webpages/index.html〉 (Jan. 2, 2010).
USGS. (2010). “Tsunami observations of tsunami impact.” 〈http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/sumatra05/Banda_Aceh/0638.html〉 (Jan. 2, 2010).
van Rijn, L. C. (1984). “Sediment transport, II: Suspended load transport.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 110(11), 1613–1638.
Wu, W.-M., and Wang, S. S. Y. (2002). “Prediction of local scour of non-cohesive sediment around bridge piers using FVM-based CCHE2D Model.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Scour of Foundations, H.-C. Chen and J.-L. Briaud, eds., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 1176–1180.
Xu, K. (2002). “A well-balanced gas-kinetic scheme for the shallow-water equations with source terms.” J. Comput. Phys., 178(2), 533–562.
Xu, K., and Pan, C. H. (2002). “Kinetic flux vector scheme for the 1D shallow water equations with source terms.” J. Hydrodynam., 17(2), 140–147.
Yeh, H. (2006). “Maximum fluid forces in the tsunami runup zone.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 132(6), 496–500.
Zhou, J. G., Causon, D. M., Mingham, C. G., and Ingram, D. M. (2001). “The surface gradient method for the treatment of source terms in the shallow-water equations.” J. Comput. Phys., 168(1), 1–25.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 22, 2010
Accepted: Jan 18, 2012
Published online: Sep 14, 2012
Published in print: Oct 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.