Evaluation of Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Arsenic from Cold Filter Cake: Zinc-Leaching Sediment
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 12
Abstract
In recent years, mining pollution has become a serious worldwide public health concern. One major issue in this field is concerned with arsenic-contaminated sediment. This paper, therefore, intends to determine the extent to which enhanced electrokinetic (EK) remediation is effective for remedying a case study of arsenic-contaminated sediment. The first section of this paper is devoted to determining the best enhancement agent at various solution concentrations and better discovering soil–metal action and reaction by leaching experiments. The sediment was collected from the zinc processing plant cold filter cake (CFC) in Shams Abad Industrial City, Iran, with a concentration of arsenic. In the second section of the study, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid, and sodium hydroxide as electrolyte conditioning solutions and sodium hydroxide for pretreatment have been evaluated as enhancement techniques for the remediation of arsenic-contaminated sediment during the electrokinetic method in tests with a duration of 8 days. Also, increasing the voltage gradient from 1 to was assessed as another enhancement technique for improving the electrokinetic removal efficiency of arsenic. Finally, the result of experiments showed no significant increase in arsenic removal efficiency in using pretreatment and increasing the applied voltage; however, interestingly, using citric acid 0.5 M as the catholyte solution enhanced the removal efficiency up to 33.51%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
Acar, Y. B., and A. N. Alshawabkeh. 1993. “Principles of electrokinetic remediation.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (13): 2638–2647. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00049a002.
Ahmad, A., and P. Bhattacharya. 2019. “Environmental arsenic in a changing world.” Groundwater Sustainable Dev. 8 (Jun): 169–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.11.001.
Alka, S., S. Shahir, N. Ibrahim, M. J. Ndejiko, D. V. N. Vo, and F. Abd Manan. 2021. “Arsenic removal technologies and future trends. A mini review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 278 (Jan): 123805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123805.
Asadollahfardi, G., and M. Rezaee. 2019. “Electrokinetic remediation of diesel-contaminated silty sand under continuous and periodic voltage application.” Environ. Eng. Res. 24 (3): 456–462. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2018.301.
Asadollahfardi, G., M. S. Sarmadi, M. Rezaee, A. Khodadadi-Darban, M. Yazdani, and J. M. Paz-Garcia. 2021. “Comparison of different extracting agents for the recovery of Pb and Zn through electrokinetic remediation of mine tailings.” J. Environ. Manage. 279 (Feb): 111728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111728.
ASTM. 2007. Test method for particle-size analysis of soils. ASTM D422-63. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013a. Guide for elemental analysis by wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. ASTM E1621-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013b. Standard test methods for loss on ignition (LOI) of solid combustion residues. ASTM D7348-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM D2487-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM D854. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2017. “ATSDR’s substance priority list.” Accessed June 20, 2018. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/SPL/.
Baek, K., D.-H. Kim, S.-W. Park, B.-G. Ryu, T. Bajargal, and J.-S. Yang. 2009. “Electrolyte conditioning-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated mine tailing.” J. Hazard. Mater. 161 (1): 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.127.
Boulakradeche, M. O., D. E. Akretche, C. Cameselle, and N. Hamidi. 2015. “Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of hydrophobic organics contaminated soils by the combination of non-ionic and ionic surfactants.” Electrochim. Acta 174 (Aug): 1057–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.091.
Cai, Z., Y. Sun, Y. Deng, X. Zheng, S. Sun, M. Romantschuk, and A. Sinkkonen. 2021. “In situ electrokinetic (EK) remediation of the total and plant available cadmium (Cd) in paddy agricultural soil using low voltage gradients at pilot and full scales.” Sci. Total Environ. 785 (Sep): 147277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147277.
Cappai, G., G. D. Gioannis, A. Muntoni, D. Spiga, and J. J. P. Zijlstra. 2012. “Combined use of a transformed red mud reactive barrier and electrokinetics for remediation of Cr/As contaminated soil.” Chemosphere 86 (4): 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.053.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 1999. Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health. Canadian environmental quality guideline. Winnipeg, Canada: CCME.
Chen, C.-H., and I.-J. Chiou. 2008. “Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated farm soil using turnover and attenuation method guided with a sustainable management framework.” Environ. Eng. Sci. 25 (1): 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.0183.
Chen, T.-L., L.-H. Chen, Y. J. Lin, C.-P. Yu, H.-w. Ma, and P.-C. Chiang. 2021. “Advanced ammonia nitrogen removal and recovery technology using electrokinetic and stripping process towards a sustainable nitrogen cycle: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 309 (Aug): 127369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127369.
da Silva, E. B., W. A. Mussoline, A. C. Wilkie, and L. Q. Ma. 2019. “Anaerobic digestion to reduce biomass and remove arsenic from As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata.” Environ. Pollut. 250 (Jul): 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.117.
Dermont, G., M. Bergeron, G. Mercier, and M. Richer-Laflèche. 2008. “Soil washing for metal removal. A review of physical/chemical technologies and field applications.” J. Hazard Mater. 152 (1): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.043.
Dos Santos, E., S. Ferro, and M. Vocciante. 2020. “Electrokinetic remediation.” Chap. 5 in The handbook of environmental remediation: Classic and modern techniques, 121–144. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016261-00121.
Dzenitis, J. M. 1997. “Steady state and limiting current in electroremediation of soil.” J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (4): 1317. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837591.
Fayazi, M., M. Ghanei-Motlagh, and M. A. Taher. 2015. “The adsorption of basic dye (Alizarin red S) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon/γ-Fe2O3 nano-composite. Kinetic and equilibrium studies.” Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 40 (Dec): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.044.
Figueroa, A., C. Cameselle, S. Gouveia, and H. K. Hansen. 2016. “Electrokinetic treatment of an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals.” J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A 51 (9): 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2016.1170425.
Fijałkowska, G., M. Wiśniewska, and K. Szewczuk-Karpisz. 2020. “Adsorption and electrokinetic studies in kaolinite/anionic polyacrylamide/chromate ions system.” Colloids Surf., A 603 (Oct): 125232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125232.
Fu, R., D. Wen, X. Xia, W. Zhang, and Y. Gu. 2017. “Electrokinetic remediation of chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil with citric acid (CA) and polyaspartic acid (PASP) as electrolytes.” Chem. Eng. J. 316 (May): 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.092.
Ghobadi, R., A. Altaee, J. L. Zhou, P. McLean, N. Ganbat, and D. Li. 2021. “Enhanced copper removal from contaminated kaolinite soil by electrokinetic process using compost reactive filter media.” J. Hazard. Mater. 402 (Jan): 123891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123891.
Giannis, A., A. Nikolaou, D. Pentari, and E. Gidarakos. 2009. “Chelating agent-assisted electrokinetic removal of cadmium, lead and copper from contaminated soils.” Environ. Pollut. 157 (12): 3379–3386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.030.
Gidarakos, E., and A. Giannis. 2006. “Chelate agents enhanced electrokinetic remediation for removal cadmium and zinc by conditioning catholyte pH.” Water Air Soil Pollut. 172 (1): 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9080-7.
Gong, Y., D. Zhao, and Q. Wang. 2018. “An overview of field-scale studies on remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals and metalloids: Technical progress over the last decade.” Water Res. 147 (Dec): 440–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.024.
Gustafsson, J. P. 2011. Visual MINTEQ 3.0 user guide. Stockholm, Sweden: Dept. of Land and Water Resources.
Han, D., X. Wu, R. Li, X. Tang, S. Xiao, and M. Scholz. 2021. “Critical review of electro-kinetic remediation of contaminated soils and sediments: Mechanisms, performances and technologies.” Water Air Soil Pollut. 232 (8): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05182-4.
Hu, Y., H. Cheng, and S. Tao. 2016. “The challenges and solutions for cadmium-contaminated rice in China: A critical review.” Environ. Int. 92 (Jul): 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.042.
ISO. 1994. Quality—Determination of the specific electrical conductivity. ISO 11265-Soil. Geneva: ISO.
ISO. 1995. Soil quality—Extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua. ISO 11466:1995. Geneva: ISO.
ISO. 2005. Soil quality. Determination of pH. ISO 10390. Geneva: ISO.
ISO. 2008. Soil quality—Determination of trace elements in extracts of soil by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). ISO 22036. Geneva: ISO.
ISO. 2010. Determination of the specific surface area of solids by gas adsorption—BET method. ISO9277. Geneva: ISO.
Isosaari, P., and M. Sillanpää. 2012. “Effects of oxalate and phosphate on electrokinetic removal of arsenic from mine tailings.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 86 (Feb): 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.10.016.
Jeon, E.-K., J.-M. Jung, W.-S. Kim, S.-H. Ko, and K. Baek. 2015. “In situ electrokinetic remediation of As-, Cu-, and Pb-contaminated paddy soil using hexagonal electrode configuration: A full scale study.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22 (1): 711–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3363-0.
Ji, D., J. Zhang, F. Meng, Y. Wang, and D. Zhang. 2020. “Species and distribution of arsenic in soil after remediation by electrokinetics coupled with permeable reactive barrier.” Water Air Soil Pollut. 231 (12): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04935-x.
Karaca, O., C. Cameselle, and M. Bozcu. 2019. “Opportunities of electrokinetics for the remediation of mining sites in Biga peninsula, Turkey.” Chemosphere 227 (Jul): 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.059.
Karaca, O., C. Cameselle, and K. R. Reddy. 2017. “Acid pond sediment and mine tailings contaminated with metals. Physicochemical characterization and electrokinetic remediation.” Environ. Earth Sci. 76 (12): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6736-0.
Kim, E. J., and K. Baek. 2015. “Enhanced reductive extraction of arsenic from contaminated soils by a combination of dithionite and oxalate.” J. Hazard. Mater. 284 (Mar): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.004.
Kim, E. J., E.-K. Jeon, and K. Baek. 2016. “Role of reducing agent in extraction of arsenic and heavy metals from soils by use of EDTA.” Chemosphere 152 (Jun): 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.005.
Kim, S.-O., W.-S. Kim, and K.-W. Kim. 2005. “Evaluation of electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.” Environ. Geochem. Health 27 (5): 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-2673-z.
Kim, W.-S., E.-K. Jeon, J.-M. Jung, H.-B. Jung, S.-H. Ko, C.-I. Seo, and K. Baek. 2014. “Field application of electrokinetic remediation for multi-metal contaminated paddy soil using two-dimensional electrode configuration.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (6): 4482–4491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2424-0.
Klouche, F., K. Bendani, A. Benamar, H. Missoum, M. Maliki, and N. Laredj. 2020. “Electrokinetic restoration of local saline soil.” Mater. Today: Proc. 22 (Jan): 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.082.
Lee, J.-C., E. J. Kim, H.-W. Kim, and K. Baek. 2016. “Oxalate-based remediation of arsenic bound to amorphous Fe and Al hydrous oxides in soil.” Geoderma 270 (May): 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.09.015.
Lee, M. E., E.-K. Jeon, D. C. W. Tsang, and K. Baek. 2018. “Simultaneous application of oxalic acid and dithionite for enhanced extraction of arsenic bound to amorphous and crystalline iron oxides.” J. Hazard. Mater. 354 (Jul): 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.083.
Li, J., Y. Ding, K. Wang, N. Li, G. Qian, Y. Xu, and J. Zhang. 2020. “Comparison of humic and fulvic acid on remediation of arsenic contaminated soil by electrokinetic technology.” Chemosphere 241 (Feb): 125038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125038.
Maity, J. P., C.-Y. Chen, P. Bhattacharya, R. K. Sharma, A. Ahmad, S. Patnaik, and J. Bundschuh. 2021. “Advanced application of nano-technological and biological processes as well as mitigation options for arsenic removal.” J. Hazard. Mater. 405 (Mar): 123885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123885.
Malik, A., S. Batool, and A. Farooqi. 2022. “Advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of arsenic contamination in the environment.” In Biological approaches to controlling pollutants, 107–120. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824316-9.00007-0.
Masi, M., and G. Losito. 2015. “Spectral induced polarization for monitoring electrokinetic remediation processes.” J. Appl. Geophys. 123 (Dec): 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.08.011.
Merdoud, O., C. Cameselle, M. O. Boulakradeche, and D. E. Akretche. 2016. “Removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil by electrodialytic remediation enhanced with organic acids.” Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts 18 (11): 1440–1448. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EM00380J.
Nguyen Van, T., Y. Osanai, H. Do Nguyen, and K. Kurosawa. 2017. “Arsenic speciation and extraction and the significance of biodegradable acid on arsenic removal—An approach for remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (9): 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090990.
Osuna-Martínez, C. C., M. A. Armienta, M. E. Bergés-Tiznado, and F. Páez-Osuna. 2021. “Arsenic in waters, soils, sediments, and biota from Mexico: An environmental review.” Sci. Total Environ. 752 (Jan): 142062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142062.
Peralta, J. M., C. Travaglia, M. C. Romero-Puertas, E. Molina-Moya, A. Furlan, S. Castro, and E. Bianucci. 2022. “Decoding the antioxidant mechanisms underlying arsenic stress in roots of inoculated peanut plants.” Plant Growth Regul. 97 (1): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00803-2.
Qin, J., A. Niu, Y. Liu, and C. Lin. 2021. “Arsenic in leafy vegetable plants grown on mine water-contaminated soils: Uptake, human health risk and remedial effects of biochar.” J. Hazard. Mater. 402 (Jan): 123488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123488.
Rajendran, S., T. A. Priya, K. S. Khoo, T. K. A. Hoang, H.-S. Ng, H. S. H. Munawaroh, C. Karaman, Y. Orooji, and P. L. Show. 2022. “A critical review on various remediation approaches for heavy metal contaminants removal from contaminated soils.” Chemosphere 287 (Jan): 132369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132369.
Reddy, K. R., and S. Chinthamreddy. 2000. “Comparison of extractants for removing heavy metals from contaminated clayey soils.” Soil Sediment Contam. 9 (5): 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134347.
Reddy, K. R., S. Danda, and R. E. Saichek. 2004. “Complicating factors of using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to enhance electrokinetic remediation of multiple heavy metals in clayey soils.” J. Environ. Eng. 130 (11): 1357–1366. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:11(1357).
Reddy, K. R., R. E. Saichek, K. Maturi, and P. Ala. 2002. “Effects of soil moisture and heavy metal concentrations on electrokinetic remediation.” Indian Geotech. J. 32 (2): 258–288.
Rosa, M. A., J. A. Egido, and M. C. Márquez. 2017. “Enhanced electrochemical removal of arsenic and heavy metals from mine tailings.” J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 78 (Sep): 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.046.
Ryu, B.-G., G.-Y. Park, J.-W. Yang, and K. Baek. 2011. “Electrolyte conditioning for electrokinetic remediation of As, Cu, and Pb-contaminated soil.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 79 (2): 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.025.
Ryu, S.-R., E.-K. Jeon, and K. Baek. 2017. “A combination of reducing and chelating agents for electrolyte conditioning in electrokinetic remediation of As-contaminated soil.” J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 70 (Jan): 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.10.058.
Shin, S.-Y., S.-M. Park, and K. Baek. 2016. “Electrokinetic removal of As from soil washing residue.” Water Air Soil Pollut. 227 (7): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2918-8.
Shin, S.-Y., S.-M. Park, and K. Baek. 2017. “Soil moisture could enhance electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (10): 9820–9825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8720-3.
Shu, J., R. Liu, Z. Liu, J. Du, and C. Tao. 2015. “Electrokinetic remediation of manganese and ammonia nitrogen from electrolytic manganese residue.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22 (20): 16004–16013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4817-8.
Sprocati, R., and M. Rolle. 2022. “On the interplay between electromigration and electroosmosis during electrokinetic transport in heterogeneous porous media.” Water Res. 213 (Apr): 118161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118161.
Sumbarda-Ramos, E. G., O. X. Guerrero-Gutierrez, B. Murillo-Rivera, I. González, and M. T. Oropeza-Guzman. 2010. “Electrokinetic treatment for clayed and sandy soils.” J. Appl. Electrochem. 40 (6): 1255–1261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-010-0097-7.
Sun, Y., K. Gao, Y. Zhang, and H. Zou. 2017. “Remediation of persistent organic pollutant-contaminated soil using biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with a zero-valent iron/activated carbon permeable reactive barrier.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (36): 28142–28151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x.
Suzuki, T., M. Moribe, Y. Okabe, and M. Niinae. 2013. “A mechanistic study of arsenate removal from artificially contaminated clay soils by electrokinetic remediation.” J. Hazard. Mater. 254 (Jun): 310–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.013.
Tang, J., J. He, H. Tang, H. Wang, W. Sima, C. Liang, and Z. Qiu. 2020. “Heavy metal removal effectiveness, flow direction and speciation variations in the sludge during the biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetic remediation.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 246 (Sep): 116918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116918.
Torabi, M. S., G. Asadollahfardi, M. Rezaee, and N. B. Panah. 2021. “Electrokinetic removal of Cd and Cu from mine tailing. EDTA enhancement and voltage intensity effects.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 25 (2): 5020007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000579.
Turer, D., and A. Genc. 2005. “Assessing effect of electrode configuration on the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation by sequential extraction analysis.” J. Hazard. Mater. 119 (1–3): 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.12.003.
USEPA. 1986. “SW-846, Test Method 9081: Cation-exchange capacity of soils (sodium acetate).” Accessed December 5, 2019. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-9081-cation-exchange-capacity-soils-sodiumacetate.
Virkutyte, J., M. Sillanpää, and P. Latostenmaa. 2002. “Electrokinetic soil remediation—Critical overview.” Sci. Total Environ. 289 (1–3): 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01027-0.
Vocciante, M., V. G. Dovì, and S. Ferro. 2021. “Sustainability in electrokinetic remediation processes: A critical analysis.” Sustainability 13 (2): 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020770.
Walkley, A., and I. A. Black. 1934. “An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method.” Soil Sci. 37 (1): 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003.
Wan, X., M. Lei, and T. Chen. 2020. “Review on remediation technologies for arsenic-contaminated soil.” Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 14 (2): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1203-7.
Wang, S., and C. N. Mulligan. 2006. “Natural attenuation processes for remediation of arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater.” J. Hazard. Mater. 138 (3): 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.048.
Wang, Y., A. Li, and C. Cui. 2021. “Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by electrokinetic technology: Mechanisms and applicability.” Chemosphere 265 (Feb): 129071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129071.
Wang, Y., F. Ma, Q. Zhang, C. Peng, B. Wu, F. Li, and Q. Gu. 2017. “An evaluation of different soil washing solutions for remediating arsenic-contaminated soils.” Chemosphere 173 (Apr): 368–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.068.
Wen, D., R. Fu, and Q. Li. 2021. “Removal of inorganic contaminants in soil by electrokinetic remediation technologies: A review.” J. Hazard. Mater. 401 (Jan): 123345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123345.
Wong, J. S. H., R. E. Hicks, and R. F. Probstein. 1997. “EDTA-enhanced electroremediation of metal-contaminated soils.” J. Hazard. Mater. 55 (1–3): 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00008-3.
Wu, J., B. Wei, Z. Lv, and Y. Fu. 2021. “To improve the performance of focusing phenomenon related to energy consumption and removal efficiency in electrokinetic remediation of Cr-contaminated soil.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 272 (Oct): 118882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118882.
Xiao, J., Z. Pang, S. Zhou, L. Chu, L. Rong, Y. Liu, J. Li, and L. Tian. 2020. “The mechanism of acid-washed zero-valent iron/activated carbon as permeable reactive barrier enhanced electrokinetic remediation of uranium-contaminated soil.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 244 (Feb): 116667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116667.
Xiu, F.-R., and F.-S. Zhang. 2009. “Electrokinetic recovery of Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Zn and Mn from waste printed circuit boards: Effect of assisting agents.” J. Hazard. Mater. 170 (1): 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.116.
Xu, H., P. Zhao, Q. Ran, W. Li, P. Wang, Y. Luo, C. Huang, X. Yang, J. Yin, and R. Zhang. 2021. “Enhanced electrokinetic remediation for Cd-contaminated clay soil by addition of nitric acid, acetic acid, and EDTA: Effects on soil micro-ecology.” Sci. Total Environ. 772 (Apr): 145029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145029.
Xu, Y., J. Li, W. Xia, Y. Sun, G. Qian, and J. Zhang. 2019. “Enhanced remediation of arsenic and chromium co-contaminated soil by eletrokinetic-permeable reactive barriers with different reagents.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26 (4): 3392–3403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3842-9.
Xue, Y., and Y. Wang. 2020. “Green electrochemical redox mediation for valuable metal extraction and recycling from industrial waste.” Green Chem. 22 (19): 6288–6309. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC02028A.
Yao, W., Z. Cai, S. Sun, M. Romantschuk, A. Sinkkonen, Y. Sun, and Q. Wang. 2020. “Electrokinetic-enhanced remediation of actual arsenic-contaminated soils with approaching cathode and Fe 0 permeable reactive barrier.” J. Soils Sediments 20 (3): 1526–1533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02459-4.
Yuan, C., and T.-S. Chiang. 2007. “The mechanisms of arsenic removal from soil by electrokinetic process coupled with iron permeable reaction barrier.” Chemosphere 67 (8): 1533–1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.008.
Yuan, C., and T.-S. Chiang. 2008. “Enhancement of electrokinetic remediation of arsenic spiked soil by chemical reagents.” J. Hazard. Mater. 152 (1): 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.099.
Yuan, C., C.-H. Hung, and K.-C. Chen. 2009. “Electrokinetic remediation of arsenate spiked soil assisted by CNT-Co barrier—The effect of barrier position and processing fluid.” J. Hazard. Mater. 171 (1–3): 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.059.
Zhou, D.-M., C.-F. Deng, and L. Cang. 2004. “Electrokinetic remediation of a Cu contaminated red soil by conditioning catholyte pH with different enhancing chemical reagents.” Chemosphere 56 (3): 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.033.
Zhou, H., J. Xu, S. Lv, Z. Liu, and W. Liu. 2020. “Removal of cadmium in contaminated kaolin by new-style electrokinetic remediation using array electrodes coupled with permeable reactive barrier.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 239 (Mar): 116544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116544.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 5, 2022
Accepted: Jul 31, 2022
Published online: Oct 7, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 7, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Acids
- Arsenic
- Business management
- Chemical compounds
- Chemical elements
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Electrokinetics
- Energy efficiency
- Energy engineering
- Environmental engineering
- Filters
- Filtration
- Heavy metals
- Mitigation and remediation
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- River engineering
- Sediment
- Waste management
- Water and water resources
- Water treatment
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.