Technical Papers
Jun 4, 2021

Removal of Carbon Tetrachloride by Enhanced Reduction in a Dual-Chamber Electrochemical Reactor

Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 8

Abstract

The cathode chamber of a dual-chamber electrochemical reactor separated by DuPont proton exchange membrane, which has a higher reductive capacity than a single-chamber reactor, has a remarkable reduction effect on carbon tetrachloride. In this work, the effects of different electrodes, cell voltage, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and initial pH on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, CT) removal in wastewater were investigated. It was found that when the IrO2-RuO2/Ti electrode was the anode and the Fe electrode was the cathode, a satisfactory CT removal was obtained within 180 min, and this process was consistent with the first-order reaction kinetics. Under optimal application conditions, the removal of 1  mg/L CT within 180 min was 97.98(±1.21)%, the total organic carbon removal rate was 41.77%, the reductive products were mainly chloroform (CHCl3, CF) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2, DCM), and this efficiency is superior to that of a single chamber. Therefore, this technique could rapidly dechlorinate and detoxify CT while preventing CT from escaping and damaging the atmospheric environment.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2016YFC0209205). Thanks to Ph.D. Niandong Guo and Ph.D. Xiaofan Lv for their guidance and help in the structure of this paper.

References

Alvarado, J. S., C. Rose, and L. Lafreniere. 2010. “Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in the presence of zero-valent iron.” J. Environ. Monit. 12 (8): 1524–1530. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00039f.
Amonette, J. E., P. M. Jeffers, O. Qafoku, C. K. Russell, D. R. Humphrys, T. W. Wietsma, and M. J. Truex. 2010. Abiotic degradation rates for carbon tetrachloride and chloroform: Progress in FY 2010. Oak Ridge, TN:.
Amonette, J. E., P. M. Jeffers, O. Qafoku, C. K. Russell, D. R. Humphrys, T. W. Wietsma, and M. J. Truex. 2012. Abiotic degradation rates for carbon tetrachloride and chloroform: Final report. Oak Ridge, TN:.
Buxton, G. V., C. L. Greenstock, W. P. Helman, and A. B. Ross. 1988. “Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH/O in aqueous solution.” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17 (2): 513–886. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555805.
Cervantes, F. J., L. Vu-Thi-Thu, G. Lettinga, and J. A. Field. 2004. “Quinone-respiration improves dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by anaerobic sludge.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64 (5): 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-004-1564-z.
Cheng, F. I., Q. Fernando, and N. Korte. 1997. “Electrochemical dechlorination of 4-chlorophenol to phenol.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (4): 1074–1078. https://doi.org/10.1021/es960602b.
Choi, W., and M. R. Hoffmann. 1995. “Photoreductive mechanism of CCl4 degradation on TiO2 particles and effects of electron donors.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (6): 1646–1654. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00006a031.
Cui, X. 2019. “Rdh13 deficiency weakens carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury by regulating spot14 and cyp2e1 expression levels.” Front. Med. (Lausanne) 13 (1): 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-017-0568-x.
de Oliveira, A. G., J. P. Ribeiro, E. F. A. Neto, A. C. A. de Lima, Á. A. Amazonas, L. T. V. da Silva, and R. F. do Nascimento. 2020. “Removal of natural organic matter from aqueous solutions using electrocoagulation pulsed current: Optimization using response surface methodology.” Water Sci. Technol. 82 (1): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.323.
Eekert, M. H. A., T. J. Schroder, A. J. M. Stams, G. Schraa, and J. A. Field. 1998. “Degradation and fate of carbon tetrachloride in unadapted methanogenic granular sludge.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (7): 2350. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.7.2350-2356.1998.
Feng, Y. Y., W. Liu, Z. Y. Bai, Z. Wang, H. Chen, and Q. Yang. 2017. “Electrochemical degradation of carbon tetrachloride using IrO2/Ti-Fe electrode.” [In Chinese.] Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 37 (11): 4085–4092. https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0227.
Francony, A., and C. Pétrier. 1996. “Sonochemical degradation of carbon tetrachloride in aqueous solution at two frequencies: 20 kHz and 500 kHz.” Ultrason. Sonochem. 3 (2): S77–S82. https://doi.org/10.1016/1350-1477(96)00010-1.
Friedman, M. M., and B. Lapan. 1964. “Enzyme activities during hepatic injury caused by carbon tetrachloride.” Clin. Chem. 10 (4): 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/10.4.335.
Gong, D., C. A. Grimes, O. K. Varghese, W. C. Hu, R. S. Singh, Z. Chen, and E. C. Dickey. 2001. “Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation.” J. Mater. Res. 16 (12): 3331–3334. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2001.0457.
Gonzalez, M. C., G. C. Le Roux, J. A. Rosso, and A. M. Braun. 2007. “Mineralization of CCl4 by the UVC-photolysis of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of methanol.” Chemosphere 69 (8): 1238–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.076.
He, Z., L. Zhan, Q. Wang, S. Song, J. Chen, K. Zhu, X. Xu, and W. Liu. 2011. “Increasing the activity and stability of chemi-deposited palladium catalysts on nickel foam substrate by electrochemical deposition of a middle coating of silver.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 80 (3): 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.06.007.
Inesi, A., A. Zeppa, and E. Zeuli. 1981. “Direct and indirect reduction of ethyl β-bromopropionate and ethyl γ-bromovalerate in DMF solutions.” J. Electroanal. Chem. 126 (1–3): 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(81)80427-5.
Jiang, W., P. Tang, S. Lu, X. Zhang, Z. Qiu, and Q. Sui. 2018. “Enhanced reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride by carbon dioxide radical anion-based sodium percarbonate/Fe (II)/formic acid system in aqueous solution.” [In Chinese.] Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 12 (2): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0987-6.
Jiao, Y., C. Qiu, D. Wu, and L. M. Ma. 2009. “Preparation of Nano-scale Pd/Cu Particles by Codeposition for Dechlorination of Carbon Tetrachloride.” [In Chinese.] Sichuan Environ. 28 (2): 16–19. https://doi.org/10.14034/j.cnki.schj.2009.02.002.
Jin, X., H. Chen, Q. Yang, Y. Hu, and Z. Yang. 2018a. “Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron.” Environ. Eng. Sci. 35 (6): 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2016.0580.
Jin, X., Q. Li, and Q. Yang. 2018b. “The reactivity of Fe/Ni colloid stabilized by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Fe/Ni) toward chloroform.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 25 (21): 21049–21057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2030-2.
Johnson, T. L., W. Fish, and Y. A. Gorby. 1988. “Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by iron metal: Complexation effects on the oxide surface.” J. Contam. Hydrol. 29 (4): 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(97)00063-6.
Kwon, K., H. Shim, W. Bae, J. Oh, and J. Bae. 2016. “Simultaneous biodegradation of carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene in a coupled anaerobic/aerobic biobarrier.” J. Hazard. Mater. 313 (Aug): 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.057.
Lei, C., Z. Zhi, S. Chaofeng, and X. Yilu. 2020a. “Inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by electrochemical oxidation/electro-Fenton process.” Water Sci. Technol. 81 (10): 2221–2231. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.282.
Lei, J., Q. Cai, Q. Yang, and Y. Wang. 2020b. “Oxidative removal of dichloromethane by electro-activated persulfate in a dual-chamber reactor.” Environ. Eng. Sci. 37 (9): 596–605. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2020.0085.
Lou, Y. Y., W. He, E. Verlato, M. Musiani, and F. Geneste. 2019. “Ni-coated graphite felt modified with Ag nanoparticles: A new electrode material for electro-reductive dechlorination.” J. Electroanal. Chem. 849 (Sep): 113357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113357.
Lugaresi, O., H. Encontre, C. Locatelli, A. Minguzzi, A. Vertova, S. Rondinini, and C. Comninellis. 2014. “Gas-phase volatile organic chloride electroreduction: A versatile experimental setup for electrolytic dechlorination and voltammetric analysis.” Electrochem. Commun. 44 (Jul): 63–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.04.017.
Lv, X., H. Li, Y. Ma, H. Yang, and Q. Yang. 2018. “Degradation of Carbon Tetrachloride by nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron @ magnetic Fe3O4: Impact of reaction condition, kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanism.” Appl. Organomet. Chem. 32 (3): e4139. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4139.
Manibusan, M. K., M. Odin, and D. A. Eastmond. 2007. “Postulated carbon tetrachloride mode of action: A review.” J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C 25 (3): 185–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500701569398.
Mao, X., A. Ciblak, K. Baek, M. Amm, R. Loch-Caruso, and A. N. Alshawabkeh. 2012. “Optimization of electrochemical dechlorination of trichloroethylene in reducing electrolytes.” Water Res. 46 (6): 1847–1857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.002.
Mercier, M., M. Lans, and J. de Gerlache. 1984. “Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of halogenated hydrocarbon solvents.” In Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of industrial pollutants, edited by M. KirschVolders, 281–324. Boston: Springer.
Pan, E., Q. Zhang, F. Yang, W. Hu, Q. Xu, C. Liang, Y. He, and C. Wang. 2014. “Study on of the current status of volatile organic compounds pollution in typical rural drinking water and the relationship between its concentration and health of the population, in Huai'an, Jiangsu.” Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi= Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 35 (10): 1105–1108.
Saidi, I., I. Soutrel, D. Floner, F. Fourcade, N. Bellakhal, A. Amrane, and F. Geneste. 2014. “Indirect electroreduction as pretreatment to enhance biodegradability of metronidazole.” J. Hazard. Mater. 278 (Aug): 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.003.
Strokova, N. E., A. S. Ivanov, S. V. Savilov, M. M. Kasyanov, A. V. Desyatov, and V. V. Lunin. 2017. “Specific features of the adsorption of chlorinated methanes and water on carbon nanotubes and alumina.” Russ. Chem. Bull. 66 (9): 1536–1542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-017-1921-6.
Wang, H., Z. Bian, G. Lu, L. Pang, Z. Zeng, and D. Sun. 2012a. “Preparation of multifunctional gas-diffusion electrode and its application to the degrading of chlorinated phenols by electrochemical reducing and oxidizing processes.” Appl. Catal., B 125 (Aug): 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.06.019.
Wang, L. P., and Y. J. Chen. 2019. “Sequential precipitation of iron, copper, and zinc from wastewater for metal recovery.” J. Environ. Eng. 145 (1): 04018130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001480.
Wang, Y., H. Zhang, Y. Dan, P. Junjie, Z. Yuan, X. Gao, and Y. Sun. 2012b. “Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin on graphene/Fe3O4 nanocomposite-modified glass carbon electrode and its sensitive detection for hydrogen peroxide.” J. Solid State Electrochem. 17 (3): 881–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1939-5.
Xu, H. Y., W. C. Liu, S. Y. Qi, Y. Li, Y. Zhao, and J.-W. Li. 2014. “Kinetics and optimization of the decoloration of dyeing wastewater by aschorl-catalyzed Fenton-like reaction.” J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 79 (3): 361–377. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC130225075X.
Xu, W. Y., and T. Y. Gao. 2007. “Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process.” J. Environ. Sci. 19 (7): 792–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60133-8.
Yao, J., Y. Mei, T. Yuan, J. Chen, and J. Wang. 2021. “Electrochemical removal of nitrate from wastewater with a Ti cathode and Pt anode for high efficiency and N2 selectivity.” J. Electroanal. Chem. 882 (Feb): 115019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115019.
Zhang, H. F. 2007. Safety technology complete book of hazardous chemicals (Volume I). [In Chinese.] Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.
Zhang, N., P. Blowers, and J. Farrell. 2005. “Ab initio study of carbon-chlorine bond cleavage in carbon tetrachloride.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2): 612–617. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049480a.
Zou, S., H. D. Stensel, and J. F. Ferguson. 2000. “Carbon tetrachloride degradation: Effect of microbial growth substrate and vitamin b\r, 12\r, content.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (9): 1751–1757. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990930m.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Environmental Engineering
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 147Issue 8August 2021

History

Received: Nov 24, 2020
Accepted: Mar 29, 2021
Published online: Jun 4, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Nov 4, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Ph.D. Student, School of Environment, Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing 100875, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-7114
Qing Cai
M.D. Student, Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Xiamen Univ., Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
Professor, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China Univ. of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Yeyao Wang
Professor, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Development of a Factorial Hypothetical Extraction Model for Analyzing Socioeconomic Environmental Effects of Carbon Emission Intensity Reduction, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-7216, 149, 5, (2023).
  • Electrocatalytic hydro-dehalogenation of halogenated organic pollutants from wastewater: A critical review, Water Research, 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119810, 234, (119810), (2023).
  • Unravelling the emerging carcinogenic contaminants from industrial waste water for prospective remediation by electrocoagulation – A review, Chemosphere, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136017, 307, (136017), (2022).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share