Abstract
Street sweeping is a routine roadway maintenance activity that functions as a nonstructural stormwater best management practice. Further, the road-deposited sediment collected during sweeping operations has the potential for beneficial reuse in a number of different applications but first must be characterized in terms of its toxicity to ensure that it is safe to do so. This study provides a chemical characterization of this material regarding heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and oil and grease, and attempts to predict the concentration of these contaminants using average daily traffic, land cover, and particle size. Seventy-nine locations were selected from six average daily traffic (ADT) categories ranging from 1–400 to greater than 10,000 vehicles per day and four land cover categories including developed, open space; developed, low intensity; developed, medium intensity, and developed, high intensity. Average concentrations of As, Pb, Se, Ba, Cr, Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn were 0.39, 7.3, 0.32, 14, 6, 0.046, 0.83, 0.89, and , respectively. The average total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration of all 79 sites was . Oil and grease concentrations in the material ranged from 34 to . The results showed that both average daily traffic and land cover cannot be used to predict the contaminant load of this material. However, a strong correlation was observed between particle size and the concentrations of all heavy metals and PAHs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research work has been funded by the Virginia Transportation Research Council (VTRC). Authors acknowledge Virginia DOT’s Environmental Division Assistant Administrator Ed Wallingford and Virginia DOT’s Compliance Program Manager David Wilson for their assistance with the work.
References
Abdel-Shafy, H. I., and M. S. M. Mansour. 2015. “A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation.” Egypt. J. Pet. 25 (1): 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011.
Apeagyei, E., M. S. Bank, and J. D. Spengler. 2011. “Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts.” Atmos. Environ. 45 (13): 2310–2323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.015.
Azah, E., H. Kim, and T. Townsend. 2015. “Source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in roadway and stormwater system maintenance residues.” Environ. Earth Sci. 74 (4): 3029–3039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4336-4.
Bojes, H. K., and G. P. Pope. 2007. “Characterization of EPA’s 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas.” Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 47 (3): 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.007.
Bostrom, C.-E., P. Gerde, A. Hanberg, B. Jernstom, C. Johansson, T. Kyrklund, and R. Westerholm. 2002. “Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air.” Supplement, Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (S3): 451–489.
Boxall, A. B. A., and L. Maltby. 1995. “The characterization and toxicity of sediment contaminated with road runoff.” Water Res. 29 (9): 2043–2050. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00029-K.
Bucheli, T. D., F. Blum, A. Desaules, and Ö. Gustafsson. 2004. “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland.” Chemosphere 56 (11): 1061–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.002.
Cai, Q. Y., C. H. Mo, Y. H. Li, Q. Y. Zeng, A. Katsoyiannis, Q. T. Wu, and J. F. Férard. 2007. “Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of the Pearl River Delta, South China.” Chemosphere 68 (1): 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.015.
Chen, S. J., H. B. Su, J. E. Chang, W. J. Lee, K. L. Huang, L. T. Hsieh, Y. C. Huang, W. Y. Lin, and C. C. Lin. 2007. “Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the pyrolysis of scrap tires.” Atmos. Environ. 41 (6): 1209–1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.041.
Dickhut, R. M., E. A. Canuel, K. Gustafsson, K. Lui, K. Arzayus, S. Walker, G. Edgecombe, and E. MacDonald. 2000. “Automotive sources of PAH’s associated with particulate matter in the Chesapeake Bay region.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (21): 4635–4640. https://doi.org/10.1021/es000971e.
Dierker, C. F. 2013. Reuse and disposal of street sweepings. Boston: Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Waste Prevention.
Duong, T. T. T., and B. K. Lee. 2011. “Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics.” J. Environ. Manage. 92 (3): 554–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.010.
Duval, M. M., and S. K. Friedlander. 1981. Source resolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles atmosphere application of a CMB with first-order decay. Washington, DC: USEPA.
Fang, G., C. Chang, Y. Wu, P. P. Fu, I. Yang, and M. Chen. 2004. “Characterization, identification of ambient air and road dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in central Taiwan, Taichung.” Sci. Tot. Environ. 327 (1–3): 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.016.
Gunawardana, C., P. Egodawatta, and A. Goonetilleke. 2014. “Role of particle size and composition in metal adsorption by solids deposited on urban road surfaces.” Environ. Pollut. 184: 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.010.
Gunawardana, C., A. Goonetilleke, P. Egodawatta, L. Dawes, and S. Kokot. 2012. “Role of solids in heavy metals buildup on urban road surfaces.” J. Environ. Eng. 138 (4): 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000487.
Guo, H., S. C. Lee, K. F. Ho, X. M. Wang, and S. C. Zou. 2003. “Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong.” Atmos. Environ. 37 (38): 5307–5317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.011.
Harrison, R. M., D. I. T. Smith, and L. Luhana. 1996. “Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, U.K.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (3): 825–832. https://doi.org/10.1021/es950252d.
Herngren, L., A. Goonetilleke, and G. A. Ayoko. 2006. “Analysis of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments.” Anal. Chim. Acta 571 (2): 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.064.
Homer, C., J. Dewitz, L. Yang, S. Jin, P. Danielson, G. Xian, and K. Megown. 2015. “Completion of the 2011 national land cover database for the conterminous United States–Representing a decade of land cover change information.” Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 81 (4): 345–354.
Irvine, K. N., M. F. Perrelli, R. Ngoen-Klan, and I. G. Droppo. 2009. “Metal levels in street sediment from an industrial city: Spatial trends, chemical fractionation, and management implications.” J. Soils Sediments 9 (4): 328–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0098-5.
Jang, Y. C., P. Jain, T. Tolaymat, B. Dubey, S. Singh, and T. Townsend. 2010. “Characterization of roadway stormwater system residuals for reuse and disposal options.” Sci. Tot. Environ. 408 (8): 1878–1887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.036.
Jang, Y. C., P. Jain, T. Tolaymat, B. Dubey, and T. Townsend. 2009. “Characterization of pollutants in Florida street sweepings for management and reuse.” J. Environ. Manage. 91 (2): 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.018.
Khalili, N. R., P. A. Scheff, and T. M. Holsen. 1995. “PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions.” Atmos. Environ. 29 (4): 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00275-P.
Khan, S., S.-L. Lau, M. Kayhanian, and M. K. Stenstrom. 2006. “Oil and grease measurement in highway runoff—Sampling time and event mean concentrations.” J. Environ. Eng. 132 (3): 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:3(415).
Larsen, R. K., and J. E. Baker. 2003. “Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: A comparison of three methods.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (9): 1873–1881. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0206184.
Lau, S. L., and M. K. Stenstrom. 2005. “Metals and PAHs adsorbed to street particles.” Water Res. 39 (17): 4083–4092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.08.002.
Link, D. D., P. J. Walter, and H. M. Kingston. 1998. “Development and validation of the new EPA microwave-assisted leach method 3051A.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (22): 3628–3632. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980559n.
Liu, A., L. Liu, D. Li, and Y. Guan. 2015. “Characterizing heavy metal build-up on urban road surfaces: Implication for stormwater reuse.” Sci. Tot. Environ. 515–516: 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.026.
Liu, G., Y. Tong, J. H. T. Luong, H. Zhang, and H. Sun. 2010. “A source study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shenzhen, South China.” Environ. Monitor. Assess. 163 (1–4): 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0862-4.
Liu, L., A. Liu, Y. Li, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, and Y. Guan. 2016. “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with road deposited solid and their ecological risk: Implications for road stormwater reuse.” Sci. Tot. Environ. 563–564: 190–198.
Mielke, H. W., G. Wang, C. R. Gonzales, E. T. Powell, B. Le, and V. N. Quach. 2004. “PAHs and metals in the soils of inner-city and suburban New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.” Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 18 (3): 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2003.11.011.
Miller, C. M., W. H. S. Iv, and M. Kennedy. 2013. Procedures for waste management from street sweeping and stormwater systems. Akron, OH: Ohio Dept. of Transportation Office of Research.
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2010. Managing street sweepings. w-sw4-5. Rochester, MN: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
Minnicino, M. J., D. R. Draper. 1993. “Analysis of urban street sweepings in new jersey and their reuse feasibility—A case study of the city of newark, New Jersey.” In Vol. 4 of Proc., A and WMA Annual Meeting. Jersey City, NJ: Air Waste Management Association.
Obrien, A. M. 2014. Beneficial use determination (BUD-20130829) for screened street sweeping fines. Portland, OR: Dept. of Environmental Quality.
Omar, N. Y. M., M. R. B. Abas, K. A. Ketuly, and N. M. Tahir. 2002. “Concentrations of PAHs in atmospheric particles (PM-10) and roadside soil particles collected in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.” Atmos. Environ. 36 (2): 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00425-3.
Pant, P., and R. M. Harrison. 2013. “Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review.” Atmos. Environ. 77: 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.028.
Pulley, A. K., and K. Baird. 2010. Investigation of re-use options for used traction sand. Denver: Colorado Dept. of Transportation.
Rauckyte, T., S. Zak, Z. Pawlak, A. Oloyede, T. Rauckyte, S. Żak, and A. Oloyede. 2010. “Determination of oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile aromatic compounds in soil and sediment samples.” J. Environ. Eng. Landscape Manage. 18 (3): 163–169. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.19.
Ravindra, K., L. Bencs, E. Wauters, J. De Hoog, F. Deutsch, E. Roekens, N. Bleux, P. Berghmans, and R. Van Grieken. 2006. “Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities.” Atmos. Environ. 40 (4): 771–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.011.
Ravindra, K., R. Sokhi, and R. Vangrieken. 2008. “Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation.” Atmos. Environ. 42 (13): 2895–2921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010.
Sahu, R., and S. P. Elumalai. 2017. “Identifying speed hump, a traffic calming device, as a hotspot for environmental contamination in traffic-affected urban roads.” Am. Chem. Soc. Omega 2 (9): 5434–5444.
Seattle Public Utilities and Herrera Environmental Consultants. 2009. Seattle street sweeping pilot study. Seattle: Seattle Public Utilities.
Sengupta, S. 2007. Processing and reuse of street sweeping and catch basin cleaning. North Dartmouth: Dept. of Dartmouth Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts.
Sharma, M. 2010. “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental and organic carbon emissions from tire-wear.” Sci. Tot. Environ. 408 (20): 4563–4568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.011.
Smith, D., and R. M. Harrison. 1998. “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles.” In Atmospheric particles, 253–294. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Sole, M. 2004. Guidance for the management of street sweepings, catch basin sediments and stormwater system sediments: Final report. Tallahassee, FL: Dept. of Environmental Protection, Solid Waste Section.
Steers, J. 2012. Division of land protection & revitalization state-wide variance guidance memo. Richmond, VA: Dept. of Environmental Quality.
Stenstrom, M. K., G. S. Silverman, and T. A. Bursztynsky. 1984. “Oil and Grease in urban stormwaters.” J. Environ. Eng. 110 (1): 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1984)110:1(58).
Thorpe, A., and R. M. Harrison. 2008. “Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review.” Sci. Tot. Environ. 400 (1–3): 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.007.
Tian, P., Y. Li, and Z. Yang. 2009. “Effect of rainfall and antecedent dry periods on heavy metal loading of sediments on urban roads.” Front. Earth Sci. China 3 (3): 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-009-0042-4.
Townsend, T. G., E. Azah, and H. Kim. 2013. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their impact on beneficial use of roadway and stormwater residuals. Gainesville, FL: Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management.
Townsend, T. G., Y.-C. Jang, P. Thurdekoos, M. Booth, P. Jain, and T. Tolaymat. 2002. “Characterization of street sweepings, stormwater sediments, and catch basin sediments.” In Florida for disposal and reuse final report. Gainesville, FL: Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management.
USEPA. 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Washington, DC: Office of Solid Waste.
USEPA. 2015. “SW-846 hazardous waste test method compendium 2017.” Accessed September 21, 2015. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-compendium.
Van Dolah, R. F., G. H. M. Riekerk, M. V. Levisen, G. I. Scott, M. H. Fulton, D. Bearden, S. Sivertsen, K. W. Chung, and D. M. Sanger. 2005. “An evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) runoff from highways into estuarine wetlands of South Carolina.” Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49 (3): 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0210-1.
Virginia Department of Transportation. 2015. Chesapeake Bay TMDL action plan for the James, Potomac, Rappahannock, and York River Basins. Richmond, VA: Virginia Dept. of Transportation.
Wang, C., Y. Li, J. Liu, L. Xiang, J. Shi, and Z. Yang. 2010. “Characteristics of PAHs adsorbed on street dust and the correlation with specific surface area and TOC.” Environ. Monitor. Assess. 169 (1–4): 661–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1205-1.
Wijesiri, B., P. Egodawatta, J. McGree, and A. Goonetilleke. 2015. “Process variability of pollutant build-up on urban road surfaces.” Sci. Tot. Environ. 518: 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.849.03.014..
Witter, A. E., and M. H. Nguyen. 2015. “Determination of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in urban stream sediments.” Environ. Pollut. 209: 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.037.
Yuen, J. Q., P. H. Olin, H. S. Lim, S. G. Benner, R. A. Sutherland, and A. D. Ziegler. 2012. “Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in road deposited sediments in residential and light industrial neighborhoods of Singapore.” J. Environ. Manage. 101: 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.11.017.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 2 • February 2019
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 18, 2018
Accepted: Aug 16, 2018
Published online: Dec 14, 2018
Published in print: Feb 1, 2019
Discussion open until: May 14, 2019
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Carbon
- Chemical compounds
- Chemical elements
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Energy engineering
- Energy sources (by type)
- Environmental engineering
- Heavy metals
- Hydrocarbons
- Infrastructure
- Materials characterization
- Materials engineering
- Non-renewable energy
- Pollutants
- Pollution
- River engineering
- Sediment
- Soil pollution
- Streets
- Urban and regional development
- Urban areas
- Water and water resources
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.