Technical Papers
Nov 29, 2017

Mechanical and Leaching Behavior of a Stabilized and Solidified Anthracene-Contaminated Soil

Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 2

Abstract

This paper presents an investigation into the remediation of an anthracene-contaminated clay soil through experimental tests. Samples were prepared of uncontaminated and contaminated soil-cement with 20 and 30% cement. Unconfined compression tests (UCT) were conducted on the natural soil and on soil contaminated with anthracene. Similar tests were carried out on uncontaminated and contaminated soil-cement at various curing times. Leaching tests were also conducted on contaminated soil and contaminated soil-cement with 20 and 30% cement at various curing times by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) apparatus. The results showed that adding cement to the contaminated soil increased the strength of the soil and that the amount of increase in strength was a function of the percentage of the cement and the curing time. The results of the leaching tests on the contaminated soil showed a major reduction in the concentration of anthracene. The results also indicated that adding cement to the anthracene-contaminated soil caused a reduction in the concentration of anthracene after the leaching tests and that the amount of the reduction increased with the increase in the curing time for a given cement content (20 or 30%). Increasing the percentage of cement is an important factor in the reduction of the concentration of anthracene.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Antemir, A., Hills, C. D., Carey, P. J., Magnié, M. C., and Polettini, A. (2010). “Investigation of 4-year old stabilised/solidified and accelerated carbonated contaminated soil.” J. Hazard. Mater., 181(1–3), 543–555.
ASTM. (2007a). “Standard practice for making and curing soil-cement compressive and flexure test specimens in the laboratory.” ASTM D1632, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007b). “Standard test method for compressive strength of moulded soil- cement cylinders.” ASTM D1633, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bahar, R., Benazzoug, M., and Kenai, S. (2004). “Performance of compacted cement stabilized soil.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 26(7), 811–820.
Bensted, J., and Barnes, P. (2002). Structure and performance of cements, Spon Press, New York.
Bettahar, M., Ducreax, J., Schafer, G., and Van Dorpe, F. (1999). “Surfactant enhanced in situ remediation of LNAPL contaminated aquifers: Large scale studies on a controlled experimental site.” Transp. Porous Media, 37(3), 255–276.
Bishop, P. L. (1990). “Solidification/stabilization of contaminated soils-an overview.” Proc., Conf. on Contaminated Soil, Springer, Berlin, 1265–1274.
Bone, B. D., Barnard, L. H., and Hills, C. D. (2004). “Guidance on the use of stabilisation/solidification for the treatment of contaminated soils.”, Environmental Agency, Solihull, U.K.
Botta, D., Dotelli, G., Biancardi, R., Pelosato, R., and Sora, N. I. (2004). “Cement-clay pastes for stabilization/solidification of 2-chloroaniline.” Waste. Manage., 24(2), 207–216.
Cai, Y., Shi, B., Ng, C. W. W., and Tang, C.-S. (2006). “Effect of polypropylene fiber and lime admixture on engineering properties of clayey soil.” Eng. Geol., 87(3), 230–240.
Chandra, S., and Flodin, P. (1987). “Interactions of polymers and organic admixtures on Portland cement hydration.” Cem. Conc. Res., 17(6), 875–890.
Chen, Q. Y., Tyrer, M., Hills, C. D., Yang, X. M., and Carey, P. (2009). “Immobilization of heavy metal in cement-based solidification/stabilization: A review.” Waste Manage., 29(1), 390–403.
Chew, S. H., Kamruzzaman, A. H. M., and Lee, F. H. (2004). “Physicochemical and engineering behavior of cement treated clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 696–706.
Chi, F.-H., Leu, M.-H., and Lee, R.-C. (2010). “Removal of anthracene contaminated soil using soybean oil.” Sustain. Environ. Res., 20(5), 275–280.
Chi, F.-H., Lou, M.-H., Tsao, C.-W., and Shiu, G.-C. (2011). “Removal of anthracene contaminated soil using micro-emulsified solvent and mixed surfactant.” Sustain. Environ. Res., 21(3), 181–186.
Collins, K., and McGown, A. (1974). “The form and function of microfabric features in a variety of natural soils.” Geotechnique, 24(2), 223–254.
Conner, J. R. (1990). Chemical fixation and solidification of hazardous wastes, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Conner, J. R. (1993). Chemistry of cementitious solidified/stabilized waste form in chemistry and microstructure of solidified waste forms, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 41–82.
Craig, R. F. (2004). Carig’s soil mechanics, 7th Ed., Taylor & Francis, London.
Delgado-Balbuena, L., Aquilar-Chàvez, A. R., Luna-Guido, M. L., and Dendooven, L. (2013). “Mixing of an anthracene-contaminated soil: A simple but efficient remediation technique?” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 96(1), 238–241.
Donnelly, J., and Webster, W. (1996). “From sediment to solid.” Civil Eng., 66(5), 41–43.
Du, Y. J., Jiang, N. J., Shen, S. L., and Jin, F. (2012). “Experimental investigation of influence of acid rain on leaching and hydraulic characteristics of cement based solidified/stabilized lead contaminated clay.” J. Hazard. Mater., 225–226, 195–201.
Edmeades, R. M., and Hewlett, P. C. (1998). “Cement mixtures.” Leas’s chemistry of cement and concrete, 4th Ed., P. C. Hewlett, ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, U.K., 841–905.
Eibes, G., Cajthaml, T., Moreira, M. T., Feijoo, G., and Lema, J. M. (2005). “Enzymatic degradation of anthracene, dibenzothiophene and pyrene by manganese peroxidase in media containing acetone.” Chemosphere, 64(3), 408–414.
Estabragh, A. R., Khatibi, M., and Javadi, A. A. (2016). “Effect of cement on treatment of a clay soil contaminated with glycerol.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04015157.
Estabragh, A. R., Namdar, P., and Javadi, A. A. (2012). “Behavior of cement-stabilized clay reinforced with nylon fiber.” Geosynth. Int., 19(1), 85–92.
Estabragh, A. R., Ranjbari, S., and Javadi, A. A. (2017). “Properties of a clay soil and soi cement reinforced with polypropylene fibers.” ACI Mater. J., 114(2), 195–205.
Fang, H. Y. (1977). Introduction to environmental geotechnology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Gussoni, M., et al. (2004). “HNMR spin-spin relaxation and imaging in porous system: An application to the morphological study of white Portland cement during hydration in the presence of organics.” Magn. Reson. Imaging, 22(6), 877–889.
Jensen, J., and Folker-Hansen, P. (1995). “Soil quality criteria for selected organic compounds.”, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
John, U. E. (2010). “Chemical performance of cement stabilised contaminated clay.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.
Karamalidis, A. K., and Voudrias, E. A. (2007). “Cement-based stabilization/solidification of oil refinery sludge: Leaching behavior of alkanes and PAHs.” J. Hazard. Mater., 148(1), 122–135.
Kogbara, R. B., and Al-Tabbaa, A. (2011). “Mechanical and leaching behaviour of slag-cement and lime activated slag stabilized/solidified contaminated soil.” Sci. Total Environ., 409(11), 2325–2335.
Kumar, A., Walia, B. S., and Bajaaj, A. (2007). “Influence of fly ash, lime and polyester fibers on compacted and strength properties of expansive soil.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 242–248.
Lagaly, G. (1984). “Clay-organic interactions.” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 311(1517), 315–332.
Lagaly, G., Ogawa, M., and Dekany, I. (2006). “Clay mineral organic interaction.” Handbook of clay science, F. Bergaya, B. K. G. Theng, and G. Lagaly, eds., Vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 309–377.
Lea, F. M. (1970). The chemistry of cement and concrete, E. Arnold, London.
Leonard, S. A., and Stegemann, J. A. (2010). “Stabilization/solidification of petroleum drill cuttings.” J. Hazard. Mater., 174(1–3), 463–472.
Liu, S. Y., Du, Y. J., Yi, Y. L., and Pulpora, A. (2012). “Field investigation on performance of T-shaped deep mixed columns over soft ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 718–727.
Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. (1999). “Sources, concentrations, fate and effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. Part A: PAHs in air.” Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 8(3), 131–136.
Maliszewska-Kordybach, B., and Smreczak, B. (2000). “Ecotoxicological activity of soils polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Effect on plants.” Environ. Technol., 21(10), 1099–1110.
Mitchell, J. K., and Soga, K. (2005). Fundamentals of soil behavior, 3rd Ed., Wiley, New York.
Montgomery, D. M., Sollars, C. J., Perry, R., Tarling, S. E., Barnes, P., and Henderson, E. (1991a). “Treatment of organic-contaminated industrial wastes using cement-based stabilization/solidification—I. Microstructural analysis of cement-organic interactions.” Waste Manage. Res., 9(2), 103–111.
Paria, S., and Yuetl, P. K. (2006). “Solidification-stabilization of organic and inorganic contaminants using Portland cement: A literature review.” Environ. Rev., 14(4), 217–255.
Pollard, S. J. T., Montgomery, D. M., Sollars, D. M., and Perry, R. (1991). “Organic compounds in the cement-based stabilization/solidification of hazardous mixed wastes-mechanistic and process considerations.” J. Hazard. Mater., 28(3), 313–327.
Ratnaweera, P., and Meegoda, J. N. (2006). “Shear strength and stress-strain behavior of contaminated soils.” Geotech. Test. J., 29(2), 133–140.
Ren, L., Zieler, L. F., Dixon, D. G., and Greenberg, B. M. (1996). “Photo-induced effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on Brassica napus (Canola) during germination and early seedling development.” Ecotoxicol Environ. Saf., 33(1), 73–80.
Smreczak, B., and Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. (1999). “Effects of PAHs and heavy metals on activity of soil microflora.” Bioavailability of organic xenobiotics in the environment, J. C. Block, V. V. Goncharuk, and P. Baveye, eds., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 377–380.
Sora, I. N., Plosato, R., Batto, D., and Dotelli, G. (2002). “Chemistry and microstructure of cement pastes admixed with organic liquids.” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22(9–10), 1463–1473.
Sverdrup, L. E. (2001). “Toxicity of tar constituents in terrestrial ecosystem. Effects of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds on terrestrial plants, soil invertebrates and microorganisms.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Tang, C., Shi, B., Gao, W., Chen, F., and Cai, Y. (2007). “Strength and mechanical behaviour of short polypropylene-fiber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil.” Geotext. Geomembr., 25(3), 194–202.
Tremblay, H., Duchesne, J., Locat, J., and Leroueil, S. (2002). “Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fire soil stabilization with cement.” Can. Geotech. J., 39(3), 535–546.
Turek-Szytow, J. (2000). “Kontrola i ocena wpływu wielopierścieniowych weglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) na proces rekultywacji gleb zanieczyszczonych tymi związkami.” Ph.D. thesis, Politechnika Ś ląska, Gliwice, Poland.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1992). “Extraction procedure (EP) toxicity test method and structural integrity test.”, Washington, DC.
Vipulanandan, C. (1995). “Effect of clays and cement on the solidification/stabilization of phenol-contaminated soils.” Waste Manage., 15(5–6), 399–406.
WHO (World Health Organization). (1988). “Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental health criteria.”, Geneva.
Wild, S. R., and Jones, K. C. (1995). “Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: A preliminary source inventory and budget.” Environ. Pollut., 88(1), 91–108.
Wiles, C. C. (1987). “A review of stabilization/solidification technology.” J. Hazard. Mater., 14(1), 5–21.
Yilmas, O., ÜnIü, K., and Cokca, E. (2003). “Solidification/stabilization of hazardous wastes containing metals and organic contaminants.” J. Environ. Eng., 366–376.
Yong, R. N. (2001). Geoenvironmental engineering, contaminated soils pollutant fate and mitigation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Environmental Engineering
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 144Issue 2February 2018

History

Received: Feb 25, 2017
Accepted: Jul 20, 2017
Published online: Nov 29, 2017
Published in print: Feb 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Apr 29, 2018

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

A. R. Estabragh [email protected]
Associate Professor, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering, Univ. of Tehran, P.O. Box 4411, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]
M. Kholoosi [email protected]
Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering, Univ. of Tehran, P.O. Box 4411, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
F. Ghaziani [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agricultural, Univ. of Tehran, P.O. Box 4411, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
A. A. Javadi [email protected]
Professor, Computational Geomechanics Group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Univ. of Exeter, Devon EX4 4QF, U.K. E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share