Stabilization of Heavy Metals in Contaminated River Sediment by Nanozero-Valent Iron/Activated Carbon Composite
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 12
Abstract
Nanozero-valent iron/activated carbon (nZVI/AC) composite is investigated as a possible stabilization agent for heavy metals in river sediment. Effects of stabilization were tested by leaching tests such as synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), atoxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and a horizontal method that simulates various environmental conditions. In addition, changes in heavy metal forms before and after the addition of nZVI/AC were studied via sequential extraction method. Heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, and Pb were effectively stabilized by nZVI/AC. The stabilization could be attributed to the changes in bonding of heavy metal with sediment. The nZVI/AC in sediment increased the fraction of strongly bound heavy metals. Investigations on the impacts of nZVI/AC dosage, particle size, and time on stabilization and metal speciation showed that they all had significant effects. Generally, leaching dropped as dosage increased and a high dosage led to more metals in strong bindings with sediment. Particles of size 0.075–0.12 mm manifested the highest stabilization. Tests on the long-term stabilization effect revealed that nZVI/AC stabilization was stable over long period of time and no increase in leaching was observed for up to 150 days.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the support by Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (14ZR1428900); Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (SEM2013), and Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (13230502300).
References
Ahn, S., Werner, D., Karapanagioti, H. K., McGlothlin, D. R., Zare, R. N., and Luthy, R. G. (2005). “Phenenathrene and pyrene sorption and intraparticle diffusion in polyoxymethylene, coke, and activated carbon.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(17), 6516–6526.
Akcil, A., Erust, C., Ozdemiroglu, S., Fonti, V., and Beolchini, F. (2015). “A review of approaches and techniques used in aquatic contaminated sediments: Metal removal and stabilization by chemical and biotechnological processes.” J. Clean. Prod., 86(1), 24–36.
Bailey, S. B., Olin, T. J., Bricka, R. M., and Adrian, D. D. (1999). “A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals.” Water Res., 33(11), 2469–2479.
Carr, R. S., and Chapman, D. C. (1995). “Comparison of methods for conducting marine and estuarine sediment porewater toxicity tests—Extraction, storage, and handling techniques.” Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 28(1), 69–77.
Chen, J., et al. (2012). “Removal mechanism of antibiotic metronidazole from aquatic solutions by using nanoscale zero-valent iron particles.” Chem. Eng J., 182-183(2), 113–119.
Chen, W. F., Pan, L., Chen, L. F., Wang, Q., and Yan, C. C. (2014). “Dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene by nano zerovalent iron/activated carbon composite: Iron loading, kinetics and pathway.” RSC Adv., 4(87), 46689–46696.
Chen, W. F., Zhang, J. H., Zhang, X. M., Wang, W. Y., and Li, Y. X. (2016). “Investigation of heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr) stabilization in river sediment by nano-zero-valent iron/activated carbon composite.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(2), 1460-1470.
Cho, Y. M., et al. (2007). “Field methods for amending marine sediment with activated carbon and assessing treatment effectiveness.” Mar. Environ. Res., 64(5), 541–555.
Dalmacija, M., Prica, M., Dalmacija, B., Roncevic, S., and Klasnja, M. (2011). “Quantifying the environmental impact of As and Cr in stabilized/solidified materials.” Sci. Total Environ., 412-413(12), 366–374.
Dhanakumar, S., Solaraj, G., and Mohanraj, R. (2015). “Heavy metal partitioning in sediments and bioaccumulation in commercial fish species of three major reservoirs of river Cauvery Delta region, India.” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 113(3), 145–151.
Di Palma, L., and Mecozzi, R. (2007). “Heavy metals mobilization from harbour sediments using EDTA and citric acid as chelating agents.” J. Hazard. Mater., 147(3), 768–775.
Gao, Y., Kan, A., and Tomson, M. (2003). “Critical evaluation of desorption phenomena of heavy metals from natural sediments.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(24), 5566–5573.
Houshmand, A. R., Kashkouli, H. A., and Naseri, A. A. (2005). “The effect of initial soil moisture content on soil structure stability during leaching.” Sci J. Agri., 27, 19–30.
Huang, C. C., Lo, S. L., and Lien, H. L. (2012). “Zero-valent copper nanoparticles for effective dechlorination of dichloromethane using sodium borohydride as a reductant.” Chem. Engr. J., 203(9), 95–100.
Hwang, Y., Lee, Y. C., Mines, P. D., and Oh, Y. K. (2014). “Investigation of washing and storage strategy on aging of Mg-aminoclay (MgAC) coated nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 119(11), 310–317.
Idris, A. M., Eltayeb, M. A. H., Potgieter-Vermaak, S. S., Van Grieken, R., and Potgieter, J. H. (2007). “Assessment of heavy metals pollution in Sudanese harbours along the Red Sea Coast.” Microchem. J., 87(2), 104–112.
Juwarkar, A. A., Singh, S. K., and Mudhoo, A. (2010). “A comprehensive overview of elements in bioremediation.” Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotech., 9(3), 215–288.
Lebo, J. A., Huckins, J. N., Petty, J. D., Crranor, W. L., and Ho, K. T. (2003). “Comparisons of coarse and fine versions of two carbons for reducing the bioavailabilities of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants.” Chemosphere, 50(10), 1309–1317.
Liang, S., Jiang, J., Zhang, Y., and Xu, X. (2008). “Leaching characteristics of heavy metals during cement stabilization of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators.” Frontiers Environ. Sci. Eng., 2(3), 358–363.
Liu, F., Wang, Q., and Huang, Q. (2008). “Study on the standard methods of leaching toxicity of solid waste.” Res. Environ. Sci., 21(6), 9–15.
Loser, C., Zehnsdorf, A., Hoffmann, P., and Seidel, H. (2007). “Remediation of heavy metal polluted sediment by suspension and solid-bed leaching: Estimate of metal removal efficiency.” Chemosphere, 66(9), 1699–1705.
Lu, Q., and Sorial, G. A. (2004). “Adsorption of phenolics on activated carbon––Impact of pore size and molecular oxygen.” Chemosphere, 55(5), 671–679.
Lv, X., Xu, J., Jiang, G., Tang, J., and Xu, X. (2012). “Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-Fe3O4 nanocomposites for the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions.” J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 369(1), 460–469.
Mulligan, C. N., Yong, R. N., and Gibbs, B. F. (2001a). “An evaluation of technologies for the heavy metal remediation of dredged sediments.” J. Hazard. Mater., 85(1–2), 145–163.
Mulligan, C. N., Yong, R. N., and Gibbs, B. F. (2001b). “Heavy metal removal from sediments by biosurfactants.” J. Hazard. Mater., 85(1–2), 111–125.
Ng, Y. S., Sen Gupta, B., and Hashim, M. A. (2014). “Performance evaluation of two-stage electrokinetic washing as soil remediation method for lead removal using different wash solutions.” Electrochim. Acta, 147(11), 9–18.
O’Carroll, D., Sleep, B., Krol, M., Boparai, H., and Kocur, C. (2013). “Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation.” Adv. Water Resour., 51(11), 104–122.
Pan, J. J., Pan, J. F., and Wang, M. (2014). “Trace elements distribution and ecological risk assessment of seawater and sediments from Dingzi Bay, Shandong Peninsula, north China.” Mar. Pollut. Bull., 89(1–2), 427–434.
Peng, J. F., Song, Y. H., Yuan, P., Cui, X. Y., and Qiu, C. L. (2009). “The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment.” J. Hazard. Mater., 161(2–3), 633–640.
Perez-Cid, B., Lavilla, I., and Bendicho, C. (1999). “Comparison between conventional and ultrasound accelerated Tessier sequential extraction schemes for metal fractionation in sewage sludge.” Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 33(7), 667–672.
Qian, G., Chen, W., Lim, T. T., and Chui, P. (2009). “In-situ stabilization of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni in the multi-contaminated sediments with ferrihydrite and apatite composite additives.” J. Hazard. Mater., 170(2–3), 1093–1100.
Quevauviller, P. (1998). “Operationally defined extraction procedures for soil and sediments analysis: I. Standardization.” Trend Anal. Chem., 17(5), 289–298.
Rakowska, M. I., Kupryianchyk, D., Koelmans, A. A., Grotenhuis, T., and Rijnaarts, H. M. H. (2014). “Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of contaminant immobilization by activated carbon amended to sediments in the field.” Water Res., 67(12), 96–104.
Tack, F., and Verloo, M. (1995). “Chemical speciation and fractionation in soil and sediment heavy metal analysis: A review.” Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 59(2–4), 225–238.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., and Bisson, M. (1979). “Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals.” Anal. Chem., 51(7), 844–851.
Tomasevic, D. D., Kozma, G., Kerkez, D. V., and Dalmacija, B. D. (2014). “Toxic metal immobilization in contaminated sediment using bentonite- and kaolinite-supported nano zero-valent iron.” J. Nanopart. Res., 16(8), 2548–2562.
Townsend, T., Dubey, B., Tolaymat, T., and Solo-Gabriele, H. (2005). “Preservative leaching from weathered CCA-treated wood.” J. Environ. Manage., 75(2), 105–113.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1992). “Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure.”, Washington, DC.
Wakida, F. T., Lara-Ruiz, D., Temores-Pena, J., Rodriguez-Ventura, J. G., Diaz, C., and Garcia-Flores, E. (2008). “Heavy metals in sediments of the Tecate River, Mexico.” Environ. Geotechnol., 54(3), 637–642.
Wang, F., et al. (2010). “Short-time effect of heavy metals upon microbial community activity.” J. Hazard. Mater., 173(1–3), 510–516.
Wang, Y. X., Sun, H. Q., Duan, X. G., Ang, H. M., Tade, M. O., and Wang, S. B. (2015). “A new magnetic nano zero-valent iron encapsulated in carbon spheres for oxidative degradation of phenol.” Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 172–173(8), 73–81.
Xi, Y., Mallavarapu, M., and Naidu, R. (2010). “Reduction and adsorption of in aqueous solution by nano zero-valent iron: A SEM, TEM and XPS study.” Mater. Res. Bull., 45(10), 1361–1367.
Zhang, Y., Feng, H., Xia, S. B, Kong, L. W., Xu, D., and Wu, Z. B. (2014). “Adsorption of sediment phosphorus by porous ceramic filter media coated with nano-titanium dioxide film.” Ecol. Eng., 64(1), 186–192.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 12 • December 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 11, 2015
Accepted: Apr 18, 2016
Published online: Jul 14, 2016
Published in print: Dec 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Dec 14, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.