Removal of Oil and Cr(VI) from Wastewater Using Modified Pectin Flocculants
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 2
Abstract
This study examined the effects of pH, dosage, and stirring time on the removal of oil and Cr(VI) from simulated wastewater by pectin obtained from citrus byproducts. After pectin modification by etherification and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) impregnation, the extract removed highly concentrated oil and Cr(VI) from wastewater. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the flocculants and confirm modification of the pectin. An orthogonal factorial experiment with factors of stirring time, dosage, and pH was used to optimize the conditions for contaminant removal by the modified pectin. The average removal rates were 79 and 77% for oil and Cr(VI), respectively. A central composite design with factors of PAC, zinc sulfate (), pH, and microwave irradiation time showed that PAC and intensified the flocculation effect. The actual optimum removal rates for oil and Cr(VI) were 95.0 and 98.4%, respectively. Binomial regression adequately predicted the experimental results.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Key Projects in the National Science and Technology Pillar Program during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period (2010BAD03B03), and by the National Undergraduate Innovation Program (201210635020).
References
Amirtharajah, A., and O’Melia, C. R. (1990). “Coagulation processes: Destabilization, mixing, and flocculation.” Water quality and treatment, 4th Ed., Chapter 6, McGraw-Hill, New York, 269–366.
Chruszcz, M., Borek, D., Domagalski, M., Otwinowski, Z., and Minor, W. (2009). “X-ray diffraction experiment: The last experiment in the structure elucidation process.” Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol., 77(2), 23–40.
Dentel, S. K. (1988). “Application of the precipitation-charge neutralization model of coagulation.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 22(7), 825–832.
Dihang, D., Aimar, P., Kayem, J., and Koungou, S. N. (2008). “Coagulation and flocculation of laterite suspensions with low levels of aluminium chloride and polyacrylamids.” Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 47(9–10), 1509–1519.
Dronnet, V.-M., Renard, C.-M.-G.-C., Axelos, M.-A.-V., and Thibault, J.-F. (1996). “Characterization and selectivity of divalent metal ions binding by citrus and sugar-beet pectins.” Carbohydr. Polym., 30(4), 253–263.
Farooq, U., Kozinski, J. A., Khan, M. A., and Athar, M. (2010). “Biosorption of heavy metal ions using wheat based biosorbents–A review of the recent literature.” Bioresour. Technol., 101(14), 5043–5053.
Gao, M., and Xu, Z.-Q. (2012). “Preparation of cationic polyacrylamide-grafted starch flocculant and its application in the treatment of coal slurry wastewater.” Adv. Mater. Res., 466, 485–489.
Garg, U.-K., Kaur, M.-P., Garg, V.-K., and Sud, D. (2007). “Removal of nickel(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption on agricultural waste using a response surface methodological approach.” Bioresour. Technol., 99(5), 1325–1331.
Gong, J.-L., et al. (2012). “Copper(II) removal by pectin–iron oxide magnetic nanocomposite adsorbent.” Chem. Eng. J., 185(6), 100–107.
Gong, Y., Liu, X.-L., Huang, L., and Chen, W.-Y. (2010). “Stabilization of chromium: An alternative to make safe leathers.” J. Hazard. Mater., 179(1–3), 540–544.
Griffiths, P.-R., and Haseth, J.-A. (2007). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, 2nd Ed., Wiley, NJ, 361–362.
Ho, Y. C., Ismail, N., Alkarkhi, A. F., and Morad, N. (2010a). “Reuse of fruit waste as biopolymeric flocculant and optimizing turbidity reduction: Comparison study with industrial flocculant.” J. Environ. Eng., 1267–1276.
Ho, Y. C., Norli, I., Alkarkhi, A. F., and Morad, N. (2010b). “Characterization of biopolymeric flocculant (pectin) and organic synthetic flocculant (PAM): A comparative study on treatment and optimization in kaolin suspension.” Bioresour. Technol., 101(4), 1166–1174.
Huang, J., et al. (2012). “Influence of composite flocculant of PAC and MBFGA1 on residual aluminum species distribution.” Chem. Eng. J., 191(10), 269–277.
Kartel, M. T., Kupchik, L. A., and Veisov, B. K. (1999). “Evaluation of pectin binding of heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions.” Chemosphere, 38(11), 2591–2596.
Kwon, G., et al. (1996). “A novel flocculant biopolymer produced by Pestalotiopsis sp. KCTC 8637P.” Biotechnol. Lett., 18(12), 1459–1464.
Li, T., Zhu, Z., Wang, D., Yao, C., and Tang, H. (2006). “Characterization of floc size, strength and structure under various coagulation mechanisms.” Powder Technol., 168(2), 104–110.
Liang, S., Guo, X., Feng, N., and Tian, Q. (2010). “Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of from aqueous solutions by type orange peel adsorbents.” J. Hazard. Mater., 174(1–3), 756–762.
Lu, D.-D., Cao, Q.-L., Li, X.-M., Cao, X.-J., Luo, F., and Shao, W.-J. (2009). “Kinetics and equilibrium of Cu(II) adsorption onto chemically modified orange peel cellulose biosorbents.” Hydrometallurgy, 95(1–2), 145–152.
Mata, Y., Blázquez, M., Ballester, A., González, F., and Muñoz, J. (2009). “Optimization of the continuous biosorption of copper with sugar-beet pectin gels.” J. Environ. Manage., 90(5), 1737–1743.
Rakhshaee, R., and Panahandeh, M. (2011). “Stabilization of a magnetic nano-adsorbent by extracted pectin to remove methylene blue from aqueous solution: A comparative study between two kinds of cross-linked pectin.” J. Hazard. Mater., 189(1–2), 158–166.
Rattanakawin, C., and Hogg, R. (2001). “Aggregate size distributions in flocculation.” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and engineering aspects, 177(2–3), 87–98.
Renard, C. M., Crépeau, M.-J., and Thibault, J.-F. (1995). “Structure of the repeating units in the rhamnogalacturonic backbone of apple, beet and citrus pectins.” Carbohydr. Res., 275(1), 155–165.
Renault, F., Sancey, B., Badot, P.-M., and Crini, G. (2009). “Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes—An eco-friendly approach.” Eur. Polym. J., 45(5), 1337–1348.
Rios, G., Pazos, C., and Coca, J. (1998). “Destabilization of cutting oil emulsions using inorganic salts as coagulants.” Colloids Surf., 138(2–3), 383–389.
Rollinson, C.-L. (1973). “Chromium, molybdenum and tungsten.” Comprehensive inorganic chemistry, 3rd Ed., Chapter 36, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson and J. C. Bailar, eds., Pergamon, Oxford, U.K., 691–694.
Rombouts, F. M., and Thibault, J.-F. (1986). “Feruloylated pectic substances from sugar-beet pulp.” Carbohydr. Res., 154(1), 177–187.
Saarimaa, V. J., Pranovich, A. V., Sundberg, A. C., and Holmbom, B. R. (2007). “Isolation of pectic acid from bleached TMP water and aggregation of model and TMP pectic acids by calcium.” Bioresour., 2(4), 638–651.
Schiewer, S., and Patil, S. B. (2008). “Modeling the effect of pH on biosorption of heavy metals by citrus peels.” J. Hazard. Mater., 157(1), 8–17.
Stephen, A. M., Phillips, G. O., and Williams, P. A., eds., (2006). Food polysaccharides and their applications, Chapter 5, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 78–232.
Vik, E. A., Carlson, D. A., Eikum, A. S., and Gjessing, E. T. (1984). “Electrocoagulation of potable water.” Water Res., 18(11), 1355–1360.
Volesky, B., and Holan, Z. (1995). “Biosorption of heavy metals.” Biotechnol. Progr., 11(3), 235–250.
Wang, D., Tang, H., and Gregory, J. (2002). “Relative importance of charge neutralization and precipitation on coagulation of kaolin with PACl: Effect of sulfate ion.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(8), 1815–1820.
Wang, S., Chen, F., Wu, J., Wang, Z., Liao, X., and Hu, X. (2007). “Optimization of pectin extraction assisted by microwave from apple pomace using response surface methodology.” J. Food Eng., 78(2), 693–700.
Weng, S.-P. (2010). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis, 2nd Ed., Chapter 10, Chemical Industry, Beijing, 377–388.
Wu, J.-Y., and Ye, H.-F. (2007). “Characterization and flocculating properties of an extracellular biopolymer produced from a Bacillus subtilis DYU1 isolate.” Process Biochem., 42(7), 1114–1123.
Yang, Z.-H., et al. (2009). “Optimization of flocculation conditions for kaolin suspension using the composite flocculant of MBFGA1 and PAC by response surface methodology.” Bioresour. Technol., 100(18), 4233–4239.
Yokoi, H., Obita, T., Hirose, J., Hayashi, S., and Takasaki, Y. (2002). “Flocculation properties of pectin in various suspensions.” Bioresour. Technol., 84(3), 287–290.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 140 • Issue 2 • February 2014
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 17, 2013
Accepted: Oct 3, 2013
Published online: Oct 5, 2013
Published in print: Feb 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Apr 8, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.