Leaching of Arsenic, Lead, and Antimony from Highway-Marking Glass Beads
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 9
Abstract
Glass beads embedded in pavement markings provide retroreflectivity to ensure safe driving. Recently, elevated concentrations of arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and lead (Pb) have been observed in glass beads imported to the US. After an initial assessment of total concentrations in glass beads, a factorial study was conducted to determine the impact of environmentally relevant factors on leaching: pH (4, 7, and 10), chemicals applied on roadways (NaCl, , , and KCl), ionic strength (), particle size ( and ), and time (18 h to 160 days). Additional leaching studies included the US EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). Results demonstrated that the most important factors affecting leaching were pH and time. For anions of As and Sb, leaching tended to increase with increasing pH, whereas for the cation Pb, leaching increased as pH decreased. As expected, leaching increased with a decrease in particle size. Although the TCLP results revealed greater leaching than the SPLP, concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude less than concentrations observed in the factorial experiments.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the NJDOT for funding this research. The contents of this research reflect the views of the authors. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the NJDOT or the Federal Highway Administration. The authors thank Melinda Sue McNally for her support in sample analysis.
References
Anderson, V. L., and Mclean, R. A. (1974). Design of experiments: A realistic approach, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Andersson, J., and Woldegeorgis, A. (2007). Miljöriskbedömning av glaspärlor för vägmarkeringar, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (in Swedish).
Baes, C. F., Jr., and Mesmer, R. E. (1976). The hydrolysis of cations, Kreiger Publishing Company, New York.
Bunker, B. C., and Arnold, G. W. (1983). “The effect of solution pH and ion concentrations on leaching of silicate glass.” Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 15, 151–158.
Cailleteau, C., Weigel, C., Ledieu, A., Barboux, P., and Devreux, F. (2008). “On the effect of glass composition in the dissolution of glasses by water.” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 354(2–9), 117–123.
Carmona, N., García-Heras, M., Gil, C., and Villegas, M. A. (2005). “Chemical degradation of glasses under simulated marine medium.” Mater. Chem. Phys., 94(1), 92–102.
Chen, C.-C., Coleman, M. L., and Katz, L. E. (2006). “Bridging the gap between macroscopic and spectroscopic studies of metal ion sorption at the oxide/water interface: Sr(II), Co(II), and Pb (II) sorption to quartz.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(1), 142–148.
Clark, D. E., and Hench, L. L. (1983). “Theory of corrosion of alkali-borosilicate glass.” Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 15, 113–124.
Clark, D. E., Jr., Pantano, C. G., and Hench, L. L. (1979). Corrosion of glass, Books for Industry and The Glass Industry, New York.
Colombo, P., Brusatin, G., Bernardo, E., and Scarinci, G. (2003). “Inertization and reuse of waste materials by vitrification and fabrication of glass based products.” Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 7(3), 225–239.
Dijkstra, J. J., Meeussen, J. C. L., and Comans, R. N. J. (2004). “Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils: An experimental and modeling study.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(16), 4390–4395.
Duty, S. S. (2006). “Buyers beware of foreign glass beads: Assessing the potential risks of importing products into North America for metal finishing applications.” Metal Finish., 104(4), 33–34.
El-Alaily, N. A., Ezz-Eldin, F. M., and El-Batal, H. A. (1994). “Durability of some gamma-irradiated alkali borate glasses.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 44(1), 45–51.
El-Shamy, T. M., Lewins, J., and Douglas, R. W. (1972). “Dependence on the pH of the decomposition of glasses by aqueous solutions.” Glass Technol., 13(3), 81–87.
Elzinga, E. J., and Sparks, D. L. (2002). “X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the effects of pH and ionic strength on Pb(II) sorption to amorphous silica.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(20), 4352–4357.
Feng, X., and Pegg, I. L. (1994). “Effects of salt solutions on glass dissolution.” Phys. Chem. Glasses, 35(2), 98–103.
Fillela, M., Belzile, N., and Chen, Y.-W. (2002). “Antimony in the environment: A review focused on natural waters I. Occurrence.” Earth-Sci. Rev., 57(1–2), 125–176.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). (2005). “Development of clean-up target levels (CLs) for Chapter 62-777, F.A.C.” Technical Rep., Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 〈http://www.toxicology.ufl.edu/documents/TechnicalFeb05.pdf〉 (Jul. 21, 2009).
Ghosh, A., Mukiibi, M., and Ela, W. (2004). “TCLP underestimates leaching of arsenic from solid residuals under landfill conditions.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(17), 4677–4682.
Greenburg, A. E., Trussel, R. T., Clesceri, L. S., and Franson, M. H. (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th Ed., APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington DC.
Hageman, P. L., Briggs, P. H., Desborough, G. A., Lamothe, P. J., and Theodorakos, P. J. (2000). “Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure leachate chemistry data for solid mine-waste composite samples from southwestern New Mexico, and Leadville, Colorado.” USGS, Reston, VA.
Hayden, J. S. (2004). “Ecologically friendly optical glasses.” Optic. Photon. News, 15(8), 36–41.
Hynes, M. J., and Jonson, B. (1997). “Lead, glass and the environment.” Chem. Soc. Rev., 26(2), 133–146.
Jantzen, C. M., Pickett, J. B., and Schumacher, R. F. (2010). Mining industry waste remediated for recycle by vitrification, 〈http://www.osti.gov/bridge/〉 (Mar. 17, 2011).
Jantzen, C. M., and Ramsay, W. G. (1990). “Prediction of radioactive waste glass durability by the hydration thermodynamic model: Application to saturated repository environmnets.” Proc., Symp. on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, V. M. Oversby and P. W. Brown, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 217–228.
Joutti, A., Schultz, E., Pessala, P., Nystén, T., and Hellstén, P. (2003). “Ecotoxicity of alternative de-icers.” J. Soils Sediments, 3(4), 269–272.
Knauss, K. G., et al. (1989). “Dissolution kinetics of a simple analogue nuclear waste glass as a function of pH, time and temperature.” MRS Proc., Vol. 176, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Lombardo, T., Chabas, A., Lefevre, R. A., Vrita, M., and Geotti-Bianchini, F. (2005). “Weathering of float glass exposed outdoors in an urban area.” Glass Technol., 46(3), 271–276.
Martini, F. (2003). “Natural microtektites versus industrial glass beads: An appraisal of contamination problems.” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 323(1–3), 104–110.
, version 4.5 [Computer software]. Environmental Research Software, Hallowell, ME.
National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP). (2010). NRSP-3, NADP Program Office, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). (2006). Groundwater quality standards, Trenton, NJ, 7:9C.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). (2008). Guidance for the use of the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure to develop site-specific impact to ground water remediation standards, NJDEP, Trenton, NJ.
New Jersey State Climatologist (NJSC). (2008). Winter snowfall totals, Office of the NJSC and the National Weather Service, Piscataway, NJ, 〈http://climate.rutgers.edu/stateclim/?section=menu&%20target=wint0708snowtotals〉 (Dec. 1, 2008).
Norrström, A. C., and Jacks, G. (1998). “Concentration and fractionation of heavy metals in roadside soils receiving de-icing salts.” Sci. Total Environ., 218(2–3), 161–174.
Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist (ONJSC). (2013). “Statewide monthly mean temperatures (1895–2013).” Piscataway, NJ, 〈http://climate.rutgers.edu/stateclim_v1/data/njhisttemp.html〉 (Mar. 25, 2013).
O’Leary, T. H. (1977). “A handful of beads.” Compendium of technical papers, 47th Annual Meeting, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC.
Park, Y. H., and Heo, J. (2004). “Corrosion behavior of glass and glass-ceramics made of MSWI fly ash.” Waste Manage., 24(8), 825–830.
Paul, A. (1977). “Chemical durability of glasses: A thermodynamic approach.” J. Mater. Sci., 12(11), 2246–2268.
Pérez, G., López-Mesas, M., and Valiente, M. (2008). “Assessment of heavy metals remobilization by fractionation: comparison of leaching tests applied to roadside sediments.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(7), 2309–2315.
Quina, M. J., Bordado, J. C. M., and Quinta-Ferreira, R. M. (2009). “The influence of pH on the leaching behavior of inorganic components from municipal solid waste APC residues.” Waste Manage., 29(9), 2483–2493.
Reimann, C., Birke, M., and Filzmoser, P. (2010). “Bottled drinking water: Water contamination from bottle materials (glass, hard PET, soft PET), the influence of color and acidification.” Appl. Geochem., 25(7), 1030–1046.
Rigol, A., González-Núñez, R., Rauret, G., and Vidal, M. (2009). “ vs. single extraction tests to evaluate heavy metals and arsenic leachability in environmental samples.” Anal. Chim. Acta, 632(1), 69–79.
Scott, J. B. D., and Amal, R. (2005). “Landfill management, leachate generation, and leach testing of solid wastes in Australia and Overseas.” Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(3), 239–332.
Sharma, V. K., and Sohn, M. (2009). “Aquatic arsenic: Toxicity, speciation, transformations, and remediation.” Environ. Int., 35(4), 743–759.
Sheng, J., et al. (2003). “Production of glass from coal fly ash.” Fuel, 82(2), 181–185.
Sheng, J., Luo, S., and Tang, B. (1998). “Temperature effects on the leaching behavior of a high-level waste glass form.” Nucl. Tech., 123(3), 296–303.
Shotyk, W., and Krachler, M. (2007). “Lead in bottled waters: Contamination from glass and comparison with pristine groundwater.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(10), 3508–3513.
Sinton, C. W., and LaCourse, W. C. (2001). “Experimental survey of the chemical durability of commercial soda-lime-silicate glasses.” Mater. Res. Bull., 36(13–14), 2471–2479.
Steenbruggen, G., and Hollman, G. G. (1998). “The synthesis of zeolites from fly ash and the properties of the zeolite products.” J. Geochem. Explor., 62(1–3), 305–309.
SuperQ+ [Computer software]. PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands.
USEPA. (1991). “Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP).” Method 1311, Washington, DC.
USEPA. (1994a). “Update 1: Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure.” SW-846 Method 1312, Washington, DC.
USEPA. (1994b). “Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.” SW-846 Method 6020, Washington, DC.
USEPA. (1999). “Identification and listing of hazardous wastes, toxicity characteristic.” Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 261.24, 18(261), 55–56.
USEPA. (2002). “National recommended water quality criteria.” EPA-822-R-02-047, 〈http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wqcriteria.htm〉 (Nov. 12, 2009).
USGS. (2008). “National water conditions: pH of precipitation for November 26–December 23, 2008.” Environment Canada, Climate Information Branch, 〈http://water.usgs.gov/nwc/NWC/pH/html/ph.html〉 (Jan. 2, 2009).
van de Griend, R., Libicki, S. B., Andersen, R. W., and Ilisco, J. (2009). “Elevated arsenic concentrations in imported highway surface marking spheres.” 102nd Annual Conf. of Air and Waste Management Association (A&WMA), Jun. 2009 Detroit, Michigan.
van der Sloot, H. A., Heasman, L., and Quevauviller, P. (1997). Harmonization of leaching extraction tests, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 281–292.
van Herck, P., van der Bruggen, B., Vogels, G., and Vandecasteele, C. (2000). “Application of computer modeling to predict the leaching behavior of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash and comparison with a sequential extraction method.” Waste Manage., 20(2–3), 203–210.
Villaescusa, I., and Bollinger, J.-C. (2008). “Arsenic in drinking water: Sources, occurrence, and health effects (A review).” Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 7(4), 307–323.
Wisconsin Administrative Code (WAC). (2008). “Groundwater quality.” Chapter NR 140, Register No. 625, 〈http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr140.pdf〉 (Aug. 5, 2009).
Ward, A. D., and Trimble, S. W. (2003). Environmental hydrology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Xu, G., Zou, J., and Li, G. (2009). “Stabilization/solidification of heavy metals in sludge ceramsite and leachability affected by oxide substances.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(15), 5902–5907.
Xu, Y., and Axe, L. (2005). “Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide-coated silica and its effect on metal adsorption.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 282(1), 11–19.
Zhang, H., He, P.-J., Shao, L.-M., and Li, X.-J. (2008). “Leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and its geochemical modeling.” J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 10(1), 7–13.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 9 • September 2013
Pages: 1168 - 1177
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 17, 2012
Accepted: Apr 18, 2013
Published online: Apr 20, 2013
Published in print: Sep 1, 2013
Discussion open until: Sep 20, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.