Worldwide Residential Soil Regulatory Guidance Values for Chlorinated Ethanes
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 137, Issue 10
Abstract
Surface soil contamination is often regulated using guidance values that specify the maximum amount of pollutant that can be present without prompting a regulatory response. In the United States, there are at least 89 value sets (and worldwide there are another 29) that provide guidance for at least one of the nine chlorinated ethanes. The most commonly regulated chlorinated ethane is 1,2-dichloroethane (108 values), and it is the third most commonly regulated synthetic organic surface soil contaminant. Pentachloroethane (17 values) is the least regulated chlorinated ethane. Overall, there are at least 690 guidance values for chlorinated ethanes. This analysis explores the origin, magnitude, and form of the variability of these values. Results indicate that the values span from 3.7 to 7.6 orders of magnitude and are distributed in patterns similar to log-normal random variables. Less than 20% of these values are similar to those of national regulatory agencies such as the U.S. EPA or the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, but more than 60% of the values fall within the 95% confidence interval bounds of the uncertainty in U.S. EPA risk model calculations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work described here has benefited from the efforts of several scholars who have helped to identify soil contamination RGVs and to develop the methods by which they may be captured, validated, and analyzed. The author particularly acknowledges Dr. Jun Ma, Elijah Petersen, Amy Hanna, Paul Manglona, Mikkail Miller, and Maurice Gayle for their contributions. Elements of this effort were conducted with the support of National Science Foundation grant CMS NSFCBET-0650675 and U.S. Department of Transportation grant USDOTDTRT06-G-0037.
References
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1997). “Hexachloroethane CAS # 67-72-1.” 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts97.pdf〉 (May 14, 2010).
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1999a). “Chloroethane CAS # 75-00-3.” 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts105.pdf〉 (May 14, 2010).
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1999b). “1,1-dichloroethane CAS # 75-34-3.” 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts133.pdf〉 (May 14, 2010).
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1999c). “1,1,2-trichloroethane CAS # 79-00-5.” 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts148.pdf〉 (May 14, 2010).
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2001). “1,2-dichloroethane CAS # 107-06-2.” 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts38.pdf〉 (May 14, 2010).
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2006). “1,1,1-trichloroethane CAS # 71-55-6.” 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts70.pdf〉 (May 14, 2010).
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2008). “1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane CAS # 79-34-5.” 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/TF.asp?id=800&tid=156〉 (May 14, 2010).
Alabama Dept. of Environmental Management (ADEM). (2008). “Alabama risk-based corrective action guidance manual (April 2008) revision 2, table 2-2 preliminary screening values.” 〈http://www.adem.state.al.us/LandDivision/Guidance/ARBCAApril2008final.pdf〉 (Oct. 8, 2009).
Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation (ADEC). (2008a). “10 AAC 75 oil and other hazardous substances pollution control, table B1.” 〈http://www.dec.state.ak.us/spar/csp/docs/75mas_art3.pdf〉 (Oct. 8, 2009).
Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation (ADEC). (2008b). “Cumulative risk guidance, June 9, 2008.” 〈http://www.dec.state.ak.us/spar/csp/docs/regs/revisions/2008/cumulative-risk-guidance-2008-6-9.pdf〉 (Oct. 8, 2009).
Alberta Environment (AE). (2009). “Alberta tier 1 soil and groundwater remediation guidelines.” 〈http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/7751.pdf〉 (Oct. 25 2009).
Arizona Administrative Code (AAC). (2007a). “Title 18. Environmental quality, chapter 7, Department of Environmental Quality remedial action (Supp. 07-1). Appendix A. Soil remediation levels (SRLs).” 〈http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/title_18/18-07.htm〉 (Oct. 7, 2009).
Arizona Administrative Code (AAC). (2007b). “Title 18. Environmental quality, chapter 7, Department of Environmental Quality remedial action (Supp. 07-1). Appendix B. 1997 Soil remediation levels (SRLs).” 〈http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/title_18/18-07.htm〉 (Oct. 7, 2009).
Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality (AzDEQ). (2002). “Underground storage tank program release reporting and corrective action guidance.” 〈http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/ust/lust/rbca.html〉 (Oct. 7, 2009).
Arkansas Dept. of Environmental Quality (ArDEQ). (2009). “Risk assessment.” 〈http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/hazwaste/branch_tech/risk_assessment.htm〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
British Columbia Regulation (BCR). (2009). “Environmental management act—Contaminated sites regulation.” 〈http://www.bclaws.ca/Recon/document/freeside/--%20E%20--/Environmental%20Management%20Act%20%20SBC%202003%20%20c.%2053/05_Regulations/20_375_96%20Contaminated%20Sites%20Regulation/375_96_00.htm〉 (Nov. 25, 2009).
California Regional Water Quality Board, San Francisco Bay Region (CAWQB). (2008). “Screening for environmental concerns at sites with contaminated soil and groundwater (revised May 2008).” Oakland, CA, 〈http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/available_documents/ESL_May_2008.pdf〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). (2007). “Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health.” 〈http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/rev_soil_summary_tbl_7.0_e.pdf〉 (Nov. 30, 2007).
Carlon, C. ed., (2007). “Derivation methods of soil screening values in Europe: A review and evaluation of national procedures towards harmonization.” Rep. No. EUR 22805, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
City of Oakland Public Works Agency (OPWA). (2000). “Oakland risk-based corrective action spreadsheet, table 5. Oakland tier 1 RBSLs.” 〈http://www.oaklandpw.com/Page64.aspx〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Colorado Dept. of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). (2007). “Table 1 Colorado soil evaluation values (CSVE)—December 2007.” 〈http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/hm/csev.htm〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Colville Confederated Tribes (CCT). (2008). “Colville tribal law and order code, chapter 4–16 hazardous substances control, appendix B, soil cleanup levels (March 2003).” 〈http://codeamend.colvilletribes.com/2008.htm〉 (Oct. 19, 2009).
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Environmental Quality (CNMIDEQ). (2005). “Screening for environmental concerns at sties with contaminated soil and groundwater.” 〈http://hawaii.gov/health/environmental/hazard/pdf/cnmivol1oct2005.pdf〉 (Jul. 17, 2008).
Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection (CDEP). (2007). “Regulated criteria summary table 10/11/2007.” 〈http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2715&q=325012〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Danish Environmental Protection Agency (DEPA). (2002). “Guidelines on remediation of contaminated sites, Vejledning fra Miljostyrelsen No 7.” 〈http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2002/87-7972-280-6/pdf/87-7972-281-4.pdf〉 (Dec. 1, 2007).
Danish Ministry of the Environment (DMOE). (2000). “Management of contaminated sites and land in central and eastern Europe—Estonia country characterization.” 〈http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2000/87-7909-888-6/html/kap01_eng.htm〉 (Nov. 30, 2009).
Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DDNREC). (1999). “Remediation standards guidance under the Delaware hazardous substances cleanup act—revised Dec. 1999.” 〈http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/DNREC2000/Divisions/AWM/sirb/DOCS/PDFS/Misc/RemStnd.pdf〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DDNREC). (2000). “Delaware risk-based corrective action program (DERBCAP) for underground storage tank (UST) sites.” Document No. 40-09/99/10/01 〈http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/dnrec2000/divisions/awm/ust/Download/pdf/DERBCAP.pdf〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs (DOI). (2009). “Indian entities recognized and eligible to receive services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs.” Federal Register, 74(153), 40218–40223.
Endal, S., and Carollo, A. N. (2007). “Assessment of health protectiveness of the risk-based soil remediation standards of the midwest states.” Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 13(3), 543–573.
Environmental Company of São Paulo (ECSP). (2005). “Guiding values for soils and groundwater in the State of San Paulo.” 〈http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/Solo/relatorios/tabela_valores_2005.pdf〉 (Mar. 26, 2010) (in Portuguese).
Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection (FDEP). (2005). “Chapter 62-777—Table II—Soil cleanup target values, (4/15/05).” 〈http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/rules/default.htm〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources (GDNR). (2003a). “391-3-10-Appendix I. Regulated substances and soil concentrations that trigger notification.” 〈http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/docs/391/3/19/AP.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources (GDNR). (2003b). “391-3-19-.07 Risk reduction standards.” 〈http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/docs/391/3/19/07.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR). (1999). “Chapter 11-281—Underground storage tanks, table 1-1b tier 1 action levels for soil and groundwater.” 〈http://hawaii.gov/health/environmental/waste/ust/pdf/ustrules.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Hawaii Dept. of Health (HDH). (2008). “Table B-1. Soil action levels.” 〈http://hawaii.gov/health/environmental/hazard/eal2005.html〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Hoppa Valley Tribe (HVT). (2008). “Water quality control plan.” 〈http://www.hoopa-nsn.gov/documents/WQCP.pdf〉 (Oct. 19, 2009).
Idaho Administrative Code (IdAC). (2009). “IDAPA 58.01.24—Application of risk based Department of Environmental Quality corrective action at petroleum release sites, table 2—Residential use screening levels.” 〈http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/rules/idapa58/0124.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Idaho Dept. of Environmental Quality (IDEQ). (2004). “Idaho risk evaluation manual, final (July 2004)—Initial default target levels.” 〈http://www.deq.idaho.gov/Applications/Brownfields/download/maindocument.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Illinois Administrative Code (IlAC). (2007). “Title 35: Environmental protection, subtitle G: Waste disposal, chapter 1: Pollution Control Board, subchapter f: Risk based cleanup objectives, part 742 tiered approach to corrective action objectives, appendix B. Tier 1 illustrations and tables, table A-Tier 1 soil remediation objectives for residential properties.” 〈http://www.ipcb.state.il.us/documents/dsweb/Get/Document-38408〉 (Nov. 10, 2008).
Indiana Dept. of Environmental Management (IDEM). (2009). “IDEM RISC technical guidance, appendix 1—Default closure tables, table A—Residential closure levels (revised May 1, 2009).” 〈http://www.in.gov/idem/4200.htm〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (1999a). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 1486, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1486.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (1999b). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 1394, pentachloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1394.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (2004). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 0051, hexachloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0051.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (2005a). “International chemical safety card, ICSC 0132, 1-chloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0132.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (2005b). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 0249, 1,1-dichloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0249.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (2005c). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 0250, 1,2-dichloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0250.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (2005d). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 0079, 1,1,1-trichloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0079.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (2005e). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 0080, 1,1,2-trichloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0080.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Int. Programme on Chemical Safety and Commission of the European Communities (IPCS/CEC). (2005f). “International chemical safety card, ICSC: 0332, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.” 〈http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0332.htm〉 (May 12, 2010).
Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources (IDNR). (2009). “Statewide standards for contaminants in soil and groundwater (soil).” 〈http://programs.iowadnr.gov/riskcalc/pages/standards.aspx〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe (JST). (2008). “Brownfields tribal property response program.” 〈http://www.jamestowntribe.org/jstweb_2007/programs/nrs/nrs_browns.htm〉 (Oct. 19, 2009).
Jennings, A. A. (2008). “Analysis of worldwide regulatory guidance for surface soil contamination.” J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 7(6), 597–615.
Jennings, A. A. (2009). “Statistical analysis of BTEX surface soil regulatory guidance values.” J. Environ. Eng., 135(9), 723–736.
Jennings, A. A. (2010). “Analysis of regulatory guidance values for residential surface soil arsenic exposure.” J. Environ. Eng., 136(9), 861–877.
Jennings, A. A. (2011). “Worldwide residential soil regulatory guidance values for chlorinated methanes.” J. Environ. Eng., 137(6), 416–432.
Jennings, A. A., and Petersen, E. J. (2006). “Variability of North American regulatory guidance for heavy metal contamination of residential soil.” J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 5(6), 485–508.
Johnson, R. A. (2000). Probability and statistics for engineers, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Kansas Dept. of Health and Environment (KDHE). (2007). “Risk-based standards for Kansas RSK manual—4th version (June 2007).” 〈http://www.kdheks.gov/remedial/download/RSK_Manual_07.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Kentucky Administrative Regulations (KAR). (2004). “411 KAR 100:030 remediation requirements.” 〈http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/401/100/300.htm〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Louisiana Dept. of Environmental Quality (LDEQ). (2003). “LDEQ RECAP table 1—Screening option—Screening standards for soil and groundwater.” 〈http://www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/LinkClick.aspx? fileticket=bIPYm4ICf9g%3d&tabid=2930〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Maine Dept. of Environmental Protection (MeDEP). (2009a). “Guidance for human health risk assessments for hazardous substance sites in Maine (July 2009 Draft).” DEP-BRWM 2B 2009. 〈http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/publications/guidance/〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Maine Dept. of Environmental Protection (MeDEP). (2009b). “Implementation of Maine remedial action guidelines for soil (MERAGs), draft for public comment, revision of July 20, 2009—Appendix 1: Single contaminant, by pathway.” 〈http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/publications/guidance/〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Maine Dept. of Environmental Protection (MeDEP). (2009c). “Implementation of Maine remedial action guidelines for soil (MERAGs), draft for public comment, revision of July 20, 2009—Appendix 2: Multiple contaminants, by pathway.” 〈http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/publications/guidance/〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Maine Dept. of Environmental Protection (MeDEP). (2009d). “Implementation of Maine remedial action guidelines for soil (MERAGs), draft for public comment, revision of July 20, 2009—Appendix 3: Multiple contaminants,—unrestricted site use.” 〈http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/publications/guidance/〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MeDEP). (2009e). “Implementation of remedial action guidelines, table 4—Remedial action guidelines for contaminated soils (updated May 20, 1997).” 〈http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/rem/documents/fed-dod/rags.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Maryland Dept. of the Environment (MDE). (2008). “State of Maryland Department of the Environment, cleanup standards for soil and groundwater, June 2008, interim final guidance (update 2.1). Table 1—Generic numeric cleanup standards for groundwater and soil.” 〈http://www.mde.maryland.gov/assets/document/Final%20Update%20No%202.1%20dated%205-20-08(1).pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection (MaDEP). (2008). “310 CMR 40.0000—Massachusetts contingency plan (MCP).” 〈http://www.mass.gov/dep/cleanup/laws/regulati.htm#mcp〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality (MiDEQ). (2006). “Table 2. Soil: Residential and commercial I, part 201 generic cleanup criteria and screening levels; Part 213 tier 1 risk-based screening levels (RBSLs), (January 23, 2006).” 〈http://www.michigan.gov/ documents/deq/deq-rrd-OpMemo_1-Attachment1Table2SoilResidential_283553_7.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Microsoft Office Excel [Computer software]. Redmond, WA, Microsoft, Inc.
Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW). (2001). “Manual for assessment and remediation of past contamination in Bulgaria.” 〈http://www.umweltdaten.de/ius-e/final-reports/10p2.pdf〉 (Oct. 22, 2007).
Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (MINVROM). (2000). “Annex A: Target values, soil remediation intervention values and indicative levels for serious contamination.” 〈http://www2.minvrom.nl/Docs/internationaal/annexS_12000.pdf〉 (Sep. 20, 2007).
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Pollution Control Dept. (MNREPCD). (2004). “Soil quality standards for habitat and agriculture.” 〈http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/en_reg_std_soil01.html〉 (Jul. 10, 2009).
Minitab 15 Statistical Software [Computer software]. College Station, PA, Minitab.
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). (2009). “Risk-based guidance for the soil—human health pathway, summary of tier 1 residential soil reference value information (6/09 version).” 〈http://www.pca.state.mn.us/cleanup/riskbasedoc.html#pathway〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Mississippi Dept. of Environmental Quality (MsDEQ). (2002). “Risk evaluation procedures for voluntary cleanup and redevelopment of brownfield sites.” 〈http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/pdf/GARD_brownfieldrisk/$File/Proced.pdf?OpenElementt〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources (MoDNR). (2006). “Departmental Missouri risk-based corrective action (MRBCA) technical guidance (appendices), table B-1, lowest default target levels, all soil types and all pathways (June 2006).” 〈http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/hwp/mrbca/docs/mrbca-append6-06.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). (2002). “Voluntary cleanup and redevelopment act application guide—Final (August 2002).” 〈http://www.deq.state.mt.us/StateSuperfund/VCRA_Guide/FinalVCRAguide.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). (2007). “Montana tier 1 risk-based corrective action guidance for petroleum releases—Table 1 tier 1 surface soil (0-2 ft) RBSLs ().” 〈http://www.deq.state.mt.us/REM/hwc/rbca/NewRBCA7-2007/10-22-07Tier1Guidance.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NIPHE). (2001). “Technical evaluation of the intervention values for soil/sediment and groundwater.” RIVM Report 711701 023, Bilthoven, Netherlands, 〈http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/711701023.pdf〉 (Dec. 1, 2007).
National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Base (NIH/HSDB). (2005a). “Ethyl chloride CASRN: 75-00-3 (last updated 06/24/2005).” 〈http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov〉 (May 11, 2010).
National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Base (NIH/HSDB). (2005b). “1,1-dichloroethane CASRN: 75-34-3(last updated 06/24/2005).” 〈http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov〉 (May 11, 2010).
National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Base (NIH/HSDB). (2005c). “1,2-dichloroethane CASRN 107-06-2 (last updated 06/24/2005).” 〈http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov〉 (May 11, 2010).
National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Base (NIH/HSDB). (2005d). “1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane CASRN:79-34-5 (last updated 11/14/2005).” 〈http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov〉 (May 11, 2010).
National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Base (NIH/HSDB). (2008a). “1,1,1-trichloroethane CASRN: 71-55-6” (last updated 04/09/2008).” 〈http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov〉 (May 11, 2010).
National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Base (NIH/HSDB). (2008b). “1,1,2-trichloroethane CASRN: 79-00-5 (last updated 04/09/2008).” 〈http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov〉 (May 11, 2010).
National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Base (NIH/HSDB). (2008c). “Hexachloroethane CASRN:67-72-1 (last updated 09/04/2008).” 〈http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov〉 (May 11, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008a). “Ethyl chloride.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=75-00-3&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008b). “Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=75-34-3&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008c). “Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=107-06-2&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008d). “Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=71-55-6&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008e). “Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=79-00-5&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008f). “Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=630-20-6&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008g). “Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=79-34-5&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008h). “Ethane, pentachloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=76-01-7&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2008i). “Ethane, hexachloro-.” 〈http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=67-72-1&Units=SI〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
Nebraska Dept. of Environmental Quality (NDEQ). (2008). “Nebraska voluntary cleanup program guidance—Attachment A, VCP remediation goal lookup tables.” 〈http://www.deq.state.ne.us/Publica.nsf/23e5e39594c064ee852564ae004fa010/d243c2b56e34ea8486256f2700698997〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Nevada Dept. of Environmental Protection (NDEP). (2009). “NDEP draft guidelines for discovery events (soil RCs), appendix A2-Full list of reportable concentrations in soil, version 01/28/2009.” 〈http://ndep.nv.gov/BCA/cem/appendix_a2_version2009_01_28.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules (NHCAR). (2008). “Chapter Env-Or-600—Contaminates site management, table 600-2—Soil remediation standards.” 〈http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/legal/rules/documents/env-or600.pdf〉 (Oct. 13. 2009).
New Hampshire Dept. of Environmental Services (NHDES). (2007). “Groundwater quality table 2, appendix A-E with soil values—May 2007.” 〈http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/waste/hwrb/ documents/rcmp.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
New Jersey Administrative Code (NJAC). (2008). “N.J.A.C. 7:26D remediation standards (June 2, 2008) appendix 1—Soil remediation standards tables.” 〈http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/regs/rs/rs_rule.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
New Jersey Dept. of Health and Senior Services (NJDHSS). (2000). “Hazardous substances fact sheet—pentachloroethane.” 〈http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1471.pdf〉 (May 17, 2010).
New Mexico Environment Dept. (NMED). (2000). “Petroleum storage tank bureau guidelines for corrective action and computational software, table 4-17, RBSLs for residential scenario.” 〈http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/ust/lustrem.html〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
New Mexico Environment Dept. (NMED). (2009). “New Mexico soil screening levels, table A-1 (August 2009).” 〈http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/hwb/guidance.html〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
New York State Dept. of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). (2006a). “Subpart 375-6: Remedial program soil cleanup objectives, table 375-6.8(a): Unrestricted use soil cleanup objectives.” 〈http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/15507.html#15517〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
New York State Dept. of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). (2006b). “Subpart 375-6: Remedial program soil cleanup objectives, table 375-6.8(b): Restricted use soil cleanup objectives—residential.” 〈http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/15507.html#15517〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
New York State Dept. of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). (2009). “TAGM 4046 table 1—Volatile organic contaminants.” 〈http://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/36324.html〉 (Oct. 14, 2009).
North Carolina Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). (2008a). “Inactive hazardous sites branch health-based soil remediation goals (October 2008).” 〈http://www.wastenotnc.org/soiltable.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
North Carolina Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). (2008b). “N.C. inactive hazardous sites branch protection of groundwater soil remediation goals, October 2008.” 〈http://www.wastenotnc.org/SFHOME/PGWSRG_Table.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Northwest Territories Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (NWTDENR). (2003). “Environmental guideline for contaminated site remediation, Nov. 2003.” 〈http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/library/pdf/eps/siteremediation.pdf〉 (Oct. 2, 2007).
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (NPCA). (1999). “Guidelines for the risk assessment of contaminated sites TA-1691/1999.” Rep. 99:06, Oslo, Norway, 〈http://www.sft.no/publikasjoner/andre/1691/ta1691.pdf〉 (Jan. 12, 2007).
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). (2002). “Ohio EPA—VAP—Generic direct-contact soil standards summary (Effective 10/21/02).” 〈http://www.epa.state.oh.us/portals/30/vap/docs/GNS_SoilQuickRef.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). (2009). “Voluntary action program statute 3745-300-08 generic numerical standards, table I: Generic direct-contact soil standards for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals of concern—Residential land use category.” 〈http://www.epa.state.oh.us/portals/30/SABR/docs/Rules/3745-300-08.pdf〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
Oklahoma Dept. of Environmental Quality (OkDEQ). (2007). “Site cleanup using risk-based decision making.” 〈http://www.deq.state.ok.us/factsheets/land/SiteCleanUp.pdf〉 (Oct. 20, 2009).
Ontario Environmental Protection Act (OnEPA). (2004). “Soil, ground water and sediment standards for use under part XV.1 of the Ontario Protection Act (March 9, 2004).” 〈http://www.aimsconsulting.com/resources/Soil_Groundwater_and_Sediment_Standards_2004-March9.pdf〉 (Sep. 23, 2007).
Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality (OrDEQ). (2005). “Pre-calculated hot spot look-up tables (tables updated May 31, 2005).” 〈http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/pubs/docs/cu/PreCalculatedHotSpotLookupTables.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality (OrDEQ). (2009). “Table of risk-based concentrations for individual chemicals (revision: Sept. 15, 2009).” 〈http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/rbdm.htm〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Pennsylvania Code (PC). (2001). “Statewide health standards, table 3—Medium specific concentrations (MSCs) for organic regulated substances in soil: A. Direct contact values.” 〈http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/ocrlgs/ cwp/view.asp?A=1459&Q=518871&landrecwasteNav=〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Poland Minister of the Environment Regulation (PMER). (2002). “Dz.U.2002.165.1359—On quality standards for soil and land (Oct. 4, 2002) (in Polish).” 〈http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/du/2002/1359.htm〉 (Dec. 1, 2009).
Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks (QMSDEP). (2002). “Soil protection and contaminated sites rehabilitation policy appendix 2—Generic criteria for soils and groundwater.” 〈http://www.menv.gouv.qc.ca/sol/terrains/politique-en/appendix2-Table1.htm〉 (Sep. 23, 2007).
Rhode Island Dept. of Environmental Management (RIDEM). (2004). “Rules and regulations for the investigation and remediation of hazardous material releases, table 1—Direct exposure criteria.” 〈http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/regs/waste/remreg04.pdf〉 (Oct. 13, 2009).
Santa Barbara County Fire Dept. (SBCFD). (2007). “Leaking underground fuel tank and site mitigation unit manual.” 〈http://www.sbcfire.com/hm/luftsmuman.pdf〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
Scorecard. (2005). “Chemical profiles.” 〈http://www.scorecard.org/chemnical-profiles〉 (Apr. 16, 2010).
Shoshone-Bannock Tribe (SBT). (2009). “Shoshone-Bannock tribes environmental waste management program soil cleanup standards for contaminated properties (draft for public comment, March 17, 2009).” 〈http://www.sbtribesewmp.com/documents/Cleanup%20standards%20draft%20for%20public%20comment%203-18-09.pdf〉 (Oct. 19, 2009).
State of California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (CA). (2010). “Chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity, April 2, 2010.” 〈http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single040210.pdf〉 (May 14, 2010).
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA). (2008). “Table over the generic guideline values for contaminated soils.” 〈http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Menu/Operations-with-impact-on-the-environment/Remediation-of-contaminated-areas/Classification-and-risk-assessment/Generic-guideline-values-for-contaminated-soils/Table-of-generic-guideline-values/environment/Remediation-of-contaminated-areas/Classification-and-risk-assessment/Generic-guideline-values-for-contaminated-soils/Table-of-generic-guideline-values/〉 (Dec. 2, 2009).
Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). (2006). “Soil and groundwater pollution remediation act.” 〈http://law.epa.gov.tw/en/laws/951231881.html〉 (Sep. 27, 2007).
Tennessee Dept. of Environment and Conservation (TDEC). (2009). “Standard operating procedure for the state remediation program.” 〈http://tennessee.gov/environment/swm/pdf/srpsop.pdf〉 (Oct. 14, 2009).
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). (2009a). “TRRP protective concentration levels, table 4—Combined tier 1 soil PCLs, residential.” 〈http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/remediation/trrp/trrppcls.html〉 (Oct. 14, 2009).
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). (2009b). “Risk-based exposure limits, table 9—Individual RBELs, residential (last update: March 25, 2009).” 〈http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/remediation/trrp/trrppcls.html〉 (Oct. 14, 2009).
Urban Dictionary. (2010). “Brain duster.” 〈http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=brain+duster〉 (Apr. 17, 2010).
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services/National Toxicity Program (USDHHS/NTP). (2009). “11th Report on Carcinogens.” 〈http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932〉 (May 7, 2010).
U.S. EPA. (2001). “40 CFR part 745—Lead; Identification of dangerous levels of lead; Final rule.” Federal Register, 66(4), 1206–1240.
U.S. EPA. (2002). “Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites, appendix A—Generic SSLs for the residential and commercial/industrial scenarios.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/soil/〉 (Mar. 13, 2006).
U.S. EPA. (2009a). “Ressoil_sl_table_run_DECEMBER2009.xls.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_Tables/index.htm〉 (May 6, 2010).
U.S. EPA. (2009b). “Master_sl_table_bwrun_DECEMBER2009.xls.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_Tables/index.htm〉 (May 6, 2010).
U.S. EPA. (2009c). “Review of state soil cleanup levels for dioxin.” 〈http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=217926〉 (Jun. 9, 2010).
U.S. EPA. (2009d). “Mid-Atlantic risk assessment, generic tables—Regional screening level table (RSL) master, April 2009.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rbconcentration_table/Generic_Tables/index.htm〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1987a). “1,2-dichloroethane (CASRN 107-06-2), 0149, last revised 09/24/2008.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/subst/0149.htm〉 (Apr. 29, 2010).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1987b). “1,1,1-trichloroethane (CASRN 71-55-6), 0197, last revised 09/28/2007.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/subst/0197.htm〉 (Apr. 29, 2010).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1987c). “1,1,2-trichloroethane (CASRN 79-00-5), 0198, last revised 03/07/2005.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/subst/0198.htm〉 (Apr. 29, 2010).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1987d). “1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane (CASRN 630-20-6), 0265, last revised 09/28/2006.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/subst/0265.htm〉 (Apr. 29, 2010).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1987e). “1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (CASRN 79-34-5), 0193, last revised 03/07/2005.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/subst/0193.htm〉 (April 29, 2010).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1987f). “Hexachloroethane (CASRN 67-72-1), 0167, last revised 10/28/2003.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/subst/0167.htm〉 (Apr. 29, 2010).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1990). “1,1-dichloroethane (CASRN 75-34-3), 0409, last revised 12/03/2002.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/subst/0409.htm〉 (Apr. 29, 2010).
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA/IRIS). (1991). “Ethyl chloride (CASRN 75-00-3), 0523, last revised 01/02/1998.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0523.htm〉 (May 11, 2010).
U.S. EPA Region III (U.S. EPAIII). (2003). “EPA region III risk-based concentration (RBC) table 4/24/2003.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/rbc0403.pdf〉 (Jun. 15, 2003).
U.S. EPA Region III (U.S. EPAIII). (2004). “Human health risk assessment, risk-based concentration table.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rbc/rbc1004.pdf〉 (Dec. 15, 2004).
U.S. EPA Region III (U.S. EPAIII). (2006). “Human health risk assessment, risk-based concentration table (October 2006 update).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/index.htm〉 (Apr. 1, 2007).
U.S. EPA Region III (U.S. EPAIII). (2009). “Generic tables (spring 2009 RSL tables).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_Tables/index.htm〉 (Oct. 12, 2009).
U.S. EPA Region III (U.S. EPAIII). (2010). “Residential soil equations.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/equations.htm〉 (Mar. 26, 2010).
U.S. EPA Region VI (U.S. EPAVI). (2002). “EPA region 6 human health medium-specific screening levels.” 〈http://epa.gov/earth1r6/6pd/rcra_c/pd_n/02screenntable.pdf〉 (Jul. 29, 2003).
U.S. EPA Region VI (U.S. EPAVI). (2004). “Region 6 human health medium specific screening levels (2004-2005).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ earth1r6/6pd/rcra_c/pd-n/screenvalues.pdf〉 (Dec. 21, 2004).
U.S. EPA Region VI (U.S. EPAVI). (2006). “Region 6 human health medium specific screening levels (2006).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ earth1r6/6pd/rcra_c/pd-n/screenvalues.pdf〉 (Sep. 25, 2006).
U.S. EPA Region VI (U.S. EPAVI). (2009). “Regional screening level table (RSL) master, April 2009.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/Region6/6pd/rcra_c/pd-n/screen.htm〉 (Oct. 9, 2009).
U.S. EPA Region IX (U.S. EPAIX). (2002). “Region 9 PRGs table 2002 update.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/sfund/prg/〉 (Jul. 29, 2003).
U.S. EPA Region IX (U.S. EPAIX). (2004). “Region 9 PRG table.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/sfund/prg/files/04prgtable.pdf〉 (Dec. 22, 2004).
U.S. EPA Region IX (U.S. EPAIX). (2008). “Preliminary remediation goals.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/sfund/prg/index.html〉 (Nov. 19, 2008).
U.S. EPA Region IX (U.S. EPAIX). (2009). “Master 12 09.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/region09/superfund/prg/〉 (Mar. 26, 2010).
U.S. EPA Region IX (U.S. EPAIX). (2010). “User’s guide (May 2010).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/region9/superfund/prg/index〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Superfund Information System (U.S. EPA/SIS). (2010). “Superfund site information.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/siteinfo.htm〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site (U.S. EPA/TTN). (2000a). “Ethyl chloride (chlorotehane).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/chloroet.html〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site (U.S. EPA/TTN). (2000b). “Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-dichloroethane).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/dichloro.html〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site (U.S. EPA/TTN). (2000c). “Ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/di-ethan.html〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site (U.S. EPA/TTN). (2000d). “Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane).” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/trichlor.html〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site (U.S. EPA/TTN). (2000e). “1,1,2-trichloroethane.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/tri-etha.html〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site (U.S. EPA/TTN). (2000f). “1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/tetrachl.html〉 (May 13, 2010).
U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site (U.S. EPA/TTN). (2000g). “Hexachloroethane.” 〈http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hexachlo.html〉 (May 13, 2010).
Vermont Dept. of Environmental Conservation (VDEC). (2004). “Interim site cleanup standards.” 〈http://www.anr.state.vt.us/DEC/wastediv/sms/pubs/Draft-Cleanup-Standard.pdf〉 (Oct. 20, 2009).
Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality (VDEQ). (2009). “Table 2.5—Selection of contaminants of concern: Unrestricted (residential), revised 7/8/09.” 〈http://www.deq.state.va.us/vrprisk/tables.html〉 (Oct. 14, 2009).
Washington Administrative Code (WAC). (2007). “WAC 173-340-900, table 740-1, method A soil cleanup levels for unrestricted land uses.” 〈http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=173-340-900〉 (Oct. 14, 2009).
Washington State Dept. of Ecology (WDOE). (2007). “CLARC—Cleanup levels and risk calculations (effective Nov. 12, 2007).” 〈http://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/clarc/CLARCHome.aspx〉 (Oct. 14, 2009).
West Virginia Dept. of Environmental Protection (WVDEP). (2009a). “Title 60, legislative rule, Department of Environmental Protection, secretary’s office, series 3, voluntary remediation and redevelopment rule (effective since June 5, 2009).” 〈http://www.wvdep.org/Docs/17423_60CSR3%20VRRA%20rule%206-5-09.pdf〉 (Oct. 15, 2009).
West Virginia Dept. of Environmental Protection (WVDEP). (2009b). “West Virginia voluntary remediation and redevelopment act guidance manual (version 2.1).” 〈http://www.wvdep.org/Docs/3200_RemediationGuidanceVersion2-1.pdf〉 (Oct. 15, 2009).
Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources (WDNR). (2007a). “Chapter NR 720, soil cleanup standards (Register, Sept. 2007, No. 621).” 〈http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr720.pdf〉 (Oct. 20, 2009).
Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources (WDNR). (2007b). “Chapter NR 746, risk screening and closure criteria for petroleum product contaminated sites and agency roles and responsibilities (Register, Sept. 2007, No. 621).” 〈http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr746.pdf〉 (Oct. 20, 2009).
Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources (WDNR). (2009). “Guidance on soil performance standards (PUB-RR-528, March 2009).” 〈http://dnr.wi.gov/org/aw/rr/archives/pubs/RR528.pdf〉 (Oct. 20, 2009).
World Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO/IARC). (1987a). “1,1,1,2-tetrachlorethane.” Monograph 41, Supplement 7 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/mono71-53.pdf〉 (May 17, 2010).
World Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO/IARC). (1987b). “Pentachloroethane.” Monograph 41, Supplement 7 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/mono71-109.pdf〉 (May 17, 2010).
World Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO/IARC). (2009). “Agents reviewed by the IARC monographs, Volumes 1-100A (by CAS Numbers).” 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ListagentsCASnos.pdf〉 (May 7, 2010).
Wyoming Dept. of Environmental Quality (WDEQ). (2009). “Combined cleanup level table (effective Jun. 30, 2009).” 〈http://deq.state.wy.us/volremedi/factsheets.asp〉 (Oct. 15, 2009).
Yukon Regulations (YR). (2002). “Environment Act, O. I.C 2002/171 schedule 1—Generic numerical soil standards, (Sep. 30, 2002).” 〈http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2002_171.pdf〉 (Sep. 25, 2007).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 137 • Issue 10 • October 2011
Pages: 859 - 879
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 28, 2010
Accepted: Apr 7, 2011
Published online: Apr 11, 2011
Published in print: Oct 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.