Variability of Escherichia coli Concentrations in an Urban Watershed in Texas
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 136, Issue 12
Abstract
In this study, daily Escherichia coli measurements at six locations in an urban watershed in Houston, were undertaken over a period of 12 weeks, and were analyzed using time series and fractal analyses. The time series analysis revealed that the E. coli data series were nonrandom in nature and were characterized by a lack of periodicity. Shorter E. coli time series data sets (on the order of 10 days or less) exhibited a fractal structure, suggesting that micro scale time series may be fractal in nature in urban environments, a finding that has significant implications for bacteriological water quality monitoring. Although stormflow E. coli concentrations were significantly higher than baseflow levels, the range of variability in E. coli concentrations both during dry and wet weather conditions was comparable, indicating the residual impacts of rain events on bayou water quality. While other studies in the literature have shown that afternoon E. coli levels were lower than morning levels, the results from this study demonstrate the complexity of this phenomenon and its dependence on flow, turbidity, total suspended solids, temperature and the location/land use of the monitoring point (upstream or downstream and rural/urban). Spatial variability was highly correlated to land use with key differences between grassland and urban uses: urbanized sites exhibited higher overall E. coli concentrations, experienced rebound in E. coli levels during and after a rain event, exhibited no correlations between total suspended solids and E. coli, and exhibited less daily variability in bacteria concentrations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Boehm, A. B. (2007). “Enterococci concentrations in diverse coastal environments exhibit extreme variability.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(24), 8227–8232.
Boehm, A. B., et al. (2002). “Decadal and shorter period variability of surf zone water quality at Huntington Beach, California.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(18), 3885–3892.
Burrough, P. A. (1981). “Fractal dimensions of landscapes and other environmental data.” Nature, 294(5838), 240–242.
Desai, A. M., Rifai, H. S., Helfer, E., Moreno, N., and Stein, R. (2010a). “Statistical investigations into indicator bacteria concentrations in Houston metropolitan watersheds.” Water Environ. Res., 82(4), 302–318.
Desai, A. M., Rifai, H. S., Petersen, T., and Stein, R. (2010b). “Mass balance and water quality modeling for load allocation of Escherichia coli in an urban watershed.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manag., in press.
Ge, Z. F., and Frick, W. E. (2009). “Time-frequency analysis of beach bacteria variations and its implication for recreational water quality modeling.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(4), 1128–1133.
He, L. -M., and He, Z. -L. (2008). “Water quality prediction of marine recreational beaches receiving watershed baseflow and stormwater runoff in southern California, USA.” Water Res., 42(10–11), 2563–2573.
He, L. -M., Lu, J., and Shi, W. (2007). “Variability of fecal indicator bacteria in flowing and ponded waters in southern California: Implications for bacterial TMDL development and implementation.” Water Res., 41(14), 3132–3140.
Heberger, M. G., Durant, J. L., Oriel, K. A., Kirshen, P. H., and Minardi, L. (2008). “Combining real-time bacteria models and uncertainty analysis for establishing health advisories for recreational waters.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 134(1), 73–82.
Hellweger, F. L., and Masopust, P. (2008). “Investigating the fate and transport of Escherichia coli in the Charles River, Boston, using high-resolution observation and modeling.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 44(2), 509–522.
Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC). (2002), ⟨http://www.hgac.com/rds/land_use/default.aspx⟩.
Ibanez, F., Fromentin, J. M., and Castel, J. (1993). “Application of the cumulated function to the processing of chronolgical data in oceanography.” Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie Iii-Sciences De La Vie-Life Sciences, 316(8), 745–748.
Journel, A. G., and Huijbregts, C. J. (1978). Mining costatistics, Academic Press, London.
Koirala, S. R., Gentry, R. W., Perfect, E., Schwartz, J. S., and Sayler, G. S. (2008). “Temporal variation and persistence of bacteria in streams.” J. Environ. Qual., 37(4), 1559–1566.
Levy, K., Hubbard, A. E., Nelson, K. L., and Eisenberg, J. N. S. (2009). “Drivers of water quality variability in northern coastal Ecuador.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(6), 1788–1797.
Lovejoy, S., et al. (2001). “Universal multifractals and ocean patchiness: Phytoplankton, physical fields and coastal heterogeneity.” J. Plankton Res., 23(2), 117–141.
Mandelbrot, B. B. (1977). Fractals. Form, chance, and dimension, Freeman, San Francisco.
Petersen, T. M. (2003). “Characterizing and modeling pathogens in Whiteoak Bayou.” MS thesis, Univ. of Houston, Houston.
Petersen, T. M., Rifai, H. S., and Stein, R. (2009). “Bacteria load estimator spreadsheet tool (BLEST) for modeling spatial Escherichia coli loads to an urban bayou.” J. Environ. Eng., 135(4), 203–218.
Reeves, R. L., Grant, S. B., Morse, R. D., Oancea, C. M. C., Sanders, B. F., and Boehm, A. B. (2004). “Scaling and management of fecal indicator bacteria in runoff from a coastal urban watershed in Southern California.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(9), 2637–2648.
Schilling, K. E., Zhang, Y. K., Hill, D. R., Jones, C. S., and Wolter, C. F. (2009). “Temporal variations of Escherichia coli concentrations in a large Midwestern river.” J. Hydrol., 365(1–2), 79–85.
Seuront, L., Gentilhomme, V., and Lagadeuc, Y. (2002). “Small-scale nutrient patches in tidally mixed coastal waters.” Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser., 232, 29–44.
Seuront, L., and Lagadeuc, Y. (1998). “Spatio-temporal structure of tidally mixed coastal waters: Variability and heterogeneity.” J. Plankton Res., 20(7), 1387–1401.
Surbeck, C. Q., Jiang, S. C., Ahn, J. H., and Grant, S. B. (2006). “Flow fingerprinting fecal pollution and suspended solids in stormwater runoff from an urban coastal watershed.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(14), 4435–4441.
Traister, E., and Anisfeld, S. C. (2006). “Variability of indicator bacteria at different time scales in the Upper Hoosic River watershed.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(16), 4990–4995.
USGS. (2008). USGS surface-water daily data for the nation, Austin, Tex.
Wei, W. W. S. (2006). Time series analysis: Univariate and multivariate methods, Pearson Education, Inc., Schweiz AG, Boston.
Whitman, R. L., Nevers, M. B., Korinek, G. C., and Byappanahalli, M. N. (2004). “Solar and temporal effects on Escherichia coli concentration at a Lake Michigan swimming beach.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(7), 4276–4285.
Wilkes, G., et al. (2009). “Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape.” Water Res., 43(8), 2209–2223.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Dec 29, 2009
Accepted: May 31, 2010
Published online: Nov 15, 2010
Published in print: Dec 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.