Practical Melting Forecasting of Artificial Snow Made from Treated Wastewater
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 3
Abstract
Making snow from treated municipal wastewater is an interesting polishing treatment for wastewaters in cold climate. A study was conducted of the behavior of an artificial snow pile made from treated wastewaters. This kind of snow differs from natural snow characteristic of rural areas in structure, density, and amount of impurities. The simple degree-day model was found suitable for modeling the melting of the snow; it is easy to use and gives results useful for practical forecasting.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Anderson, E. A. (1976). “A pint energy and mass balance model of snow cover.” NOAA Tech Pap NWS 19, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
Bales, R. C. (1991). “Modelling in-pack chemical transformation.” Seasonal snowpacks: Process of copositional changes, T. D. Davies, T. Tanter, and H. G. Jones, eds., Spriger, Berlin, Germany, 139–163.
Bergström, S. (1992). “The HBV model—Its structure and applications.” SMHI RH 4, Norrköping, Sweden.
Chadwick, A., and Morfett, J. (1993). Hydraulics in civil and environmental engineering, E & FN Spon, London.
Gao, W., Smith, D. W., and Sego, D. (2000). “Freezing behaviour of freely suspended wastewater droplets.” Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 31(1), 13–26.
Gao, W., Smith, D. W., and Sego, D. C. (2004a). “Treatment of pulp mill and oil sands industrial wastewaters by the partial spray freezing process.” Water Res., 38(3), 579–584.
Gao, W., Smith, D. W., and Sego, D. C. (2004b). “Release of contaminants from melting spray ice of industrial wastewaters.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 18(1), 35–51.
Gay, G., Lorain, O., Azouni, A., and Aurelle, Y. (2003). “Wastewater treatment by radial freezing with stirring effects.” Water Res., 37(10), 2520–2524.
Halde, R. (1980). “Concentration of impurities by progressive freezing.” Water Res., 14(6), 575–580.
Hasebe, M., and Kumekawa, T. (1995). “Estimation of snowmelt volume using air temperature and wind speed.” Environ. Int., 21(5), 497–500.
Ho, C. L. I., and Valeo, C. (2004). “Observations of urban snow properties in Calgary, Canada.” Hydrolog. Process., 19(2), 459–473.
Johannessen, M., and Henriksen, A. (1978). “Chemistry of snow meltwater: Changes in concentration during melting.” Water Resour. Res., 14(4), 615–619.
Jones, H. G., and Devarennes, G. (1995). “The chemistry of artificial snow and its influence on the germination of mountain flora.” Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-cowered catchments, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Oxfordshire, U.K., 355–360.
Kuchment, L. S., and Gelfan, A. N. (1996). “The determination of the snowmelt rate and the meltwater outflow from a snowpack for modelling river runoff generation.” J. Hydrol., 179(1–4), 23–36.
Kuusisto, E. (1984). Snow accumulation and snowmelt in Finland, Water Research Institute. National Board of Waters, Finland, No. 155.
Lorain, O., Thiebaud, P., Badorc, E., and Aurelle, Y. (2000). “Potential of freezing in wastewater treatment: Soluble pollutant application.” Water Res., 35(2), 542–547.
Marks, D., and Dozier, J. (1992). “Climate and energy exchange at the snow surface in the alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, 2. Snow cover energy balance.” Water Resour. Res., 28(11), 3043–3054.
Marshall, S., and Oglesby, R. J. (1994). “An improved snow hydrology for GCMs. Part 1: Snow cover fraction, albedo, grain size and age.” Clim. Dyn., 10(1–2), 21–38.
Meyer, T., Lei, D. L., Muradi, I., and Wania, F. (2009). “Organic contaminant release from melting snow. 2. Influence of snow pack and melt characteristics.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(3), 663–668.
Northern Watertek. (2009). “Wastewater treatment.” ⟨http://www.watertek.org⟩ (Feb. 24, 2007).
Rango, A. (1992). “Worldwide testing of the snowmelt runoff model with applications for predicting the effects of climate change.” Nord. Hydrol., 23(3), 155–172.
Sallanko, J., and Haanpää, K. -M. (2008). “Release of impurities from melting snow made from treated municipal wastewater.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 22(2), 54–61.
Sallanko, J., Haanpää, K. -M., Martikainen, M., and Pesonen, K. (2008). “Snowmaking in the secondary treatment of ski resort wastewaters.” IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition, International Water Association, London, 8.
Spyker, J. W. (1982). “Desalination of brackish water by spray freezing.” Technical Report No. 140, SPC Publication No. E-853-3-B-82, Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC), Saskatoon, Canada.
Tonkovic, Z., and Jeffcoat, S. (2002). “Wastewater reclamation for use in snow-making within an alpine resort in Australia—Resource rather than waste.” Water Sci. Technol., 46(6–7), 297–302.
Vehviläinen, B. (1992). “Snow cover models in operational watershed forecasting.” Publication No. 11, Water and Environment Research Institute, National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland, Helsinki.
WMO. (1986). “Intercomparison of models of snowmelt runoff.” Operational hydrology Report No. 23 (WMO No. 646), World Meteorogical Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
Zapf-Gilje, R., Russell, S. O., and Mavinic, D. S. (1986). “Concentration of impurities during melting of snow made from secondary sewage effluent.” Water Sci. Technol., 18(2), 151–156.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 24 • Issue 3 • September 2010
Pages: 87 - 95
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Nov 17, 2008
Accepted: Nov 16, 2009
Published online: Nov 18, 2009
Published in print: Sep 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.