Parameter Preferences for Length Detection of Reinforcement Cage in Bored Pile
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 34, Issue 2
Abstract
Reinforcement cage length has a significant impact on the bearing capacity of bored piles. Accurate measurement of the cage length provides an important guideline for judging pile quality. Currently, the electric method has been widely used in detecting reinforcement cage length. However, the precision of detection results requires further improvements. This paper presents an electric potential difference method for length detection based on theoretical analyses and formula derivations. Against the numerical calculation it can be observed that detection accuracy increased along with increases in the actual skeleton length and decrease of the pile-to-borehole distance, electrode spacing, and moving step size of electrodes. Parameter preferences of length detection were recommended as follows: (1) the electric potential difference method was recommended to complete the detection when the designed length of the pile was more than 8 m; (2) the pile-to-borehole distance was suggested to be less than one-fifth of the designed cage length; (3) the electrode spacing should be no more than a hundredth of the designed cage length; (4) the moving step size was limited to less than one-tenth of the designed skeleton length, and the length was an integral multiple of the step size. Moreover, the results and recommendations were verified by physical model experiments and engineering practices.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
Much of the work presented in this paper was supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. ZR2014EEM028), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51379112, 51422904, 41772298, 2013CB036002, and 41877239), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2018JC044).
References
Berling, T., and P. Runeson. 2003. “Efficient evaluation of multifactor dependent system performance using fractional factorial design.” Trans. Software Eng. 29 (9): 769–781. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2003.1232283.
Briaud, J. L., M. Ballouz, and G. Nasr. 2012. “Defect and length predictions by NDT methods for nine bored piles.” In Proc., Int. Deep Foundations Congress 2002: An International Perspective on Theory, Design, Construction, and Performance, 173–192. Reston, VA: Geo-Institute of ASCE.
Ding, H., and X. P. Cai. 2007. “Application of geophysical logging in the foundation pile test.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Eng. Geophys. 4 (5): 400–404.
Dinh, K., N. Gucunski, and T. H. Duong. 2018. “An algorithm for automatic localization and detection of rebars from GPR data of concrete bridge decks.” Automat. Constr. 89 (May): 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.02.017.
Dong, P., J. L. Fan, Z. H. Liu, G. W. Chen, L. S. Liang, B. Sun, and X. X. Pu. 2007a. “Magnetic anomaly characteristics out of reinforcement cage in cast-in-situ pile.” [In Chinese.] Prog. Geophys. 22 (5): 1660–1665.
Dong, P., W. Y. Pan, W. Zhao, Z. Z. Chen, X. N. Gao, and J. L. Fan. 2007b. “Charging electric field characteristics of reinforcement cage in cast-in-situ pile.” [In Chinese.] Prog. Geophys. 22 (2): 652–656.
Figure Making Net. 2017. “2017 blue vector Shandong Province map PPT template.” Accessed October 23, 2018. https://www.888ppt.com/pptmoban/bfc23b7703f01e4211026390.html.
Fu, L. K. 1983. Course on electrical exploration. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Hossain, M. S., M. S. Khan, J. Hossain, and G. Kibria. 2011. “Evaluation of unknown foundation depth using different NDT methods.” J. Perform Constr. Facil. 27 (2): 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000268.
Kog, Y. C. 2009. “Integrity problem of large-diameter bored piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 135 (2): 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:2(237).
Lachowicz, J., and M. Rucka. 2018. “3-D finite-difference time-domain modelling of ground penetrating radar or identification of rebars in complex reinforced concrete structures.” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 18 (4): 1228–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.01.010.
Lee, J. S., J. U. Song, W. T. Hong, and J. D. Yu. 2018. “Application of time domain reflectometer for detecting necking defects in bored piles.” NDT&E Int. 100 (Dec): 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2018.09.006.
Li, J., and S. Hanafy. 2016. “Skeletonized inversion of surface wave: Active source versus controlled noise comparison.” Interpretation J. Sub. 4 (3): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2015-0174.1.
Li, J. K., C. L. Wang, J. Ge, J. X. Zhu, and F. Cheng. 2009. “Model experiments on the length of reinforcement cage in cast-in-situ pile using trenchless technology.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Eng. Geophys. 6 (3): 368–372.
Liao, S. T., J. H. Tong, C. H. Chen, and T. T. Wu. 2006. “Numerical simulation and experimental study of parallel seismic test for piles.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 43 (7–8): 2279–2298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.03.057.
Liu, J. D., X. P. Fan, and H. G. Xu. 2008. “Electricity method for checking the length of reinforcing cage in piles.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 30 (2): 288–291.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2014. Technical code for testing of building foundation piles. [In Chinese.] Beijing: MOHURD.
Montgomery, D. C. 1997. Design and analysis of experiments. New York: Wiley.
Newtson, C. M., and M. O. Eberhard. 1995. “Two-dimensional magnetic algorithm to detect reinforcing steel.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 7 (3): 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1995)7:3(141).
Ni, S. H., L. Lehmann, J. J. Charng, and K. F. Lo. 2006. “Low-strain integrity testing of drilled piles with high slenderness ratio.” Comput. Geotech. 33 (6): 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.08.001.
O’Neill, M., S. W. Tabsh, and H. Sarhan. 2003. “Response of drilled shafts with minor flaws to axial and lateral loads.” Eng. Struct. 25 (1): 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00117-7.
Rens, K. L., and T. Kim. 2007. “Inspection of Quebec street bridge in Denver, Colorado: Destructive and nondestructive testing.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 21 (3): 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:3(215).
Samouëlian, A., I. Cousin, A. Tabbagh, A. Bruand, and G. Richard. 2005. “Electrical resistivity survey in soil science: A review.” Soil Till. Res. 83 (2): 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.10.004.
Shdid, C. A., and M. Hajali. 2015. “Structural capacity reduction of drilled shaft foundations due to corrosion in longitudinal bars.” Struct. Infrastruct. 11 (11): 1537–1546. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.979428.
Sun, B., P. Dong, C. Wang, X. X. Pu, and Y. J. Wu. 2009. “Quantitative analysis of magnetic anomaly of reinforcements in bored in-situ concrete piles ℜ.” Appl. Geophys. 6 (3): 75–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11770-009-0027-9.
Tabsh, S. W., M. W. O’Neill, and M. S. Nam. 2005. “Shear strength of drilled shafts with minor flaws.” Eng. Struct. 27 (5): 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.12.016.
Thasnaipan, N., A. W. Maung, and G. Baskaran. 1998. “Sonic integrity test on piles founded in bangkok subsoil: Signal characteristics and their interpretations.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri: Univ. of Missouri-Rolla.
Wu, B. J., M. X. Ji, Y. Yang, and L. W. Huang. 2012. “Research on nondestructive detection technology of reinforcement cage length and long pile length in cast-in-situ pile.” Chin. J. Geophys. 9 (3): 371–374.
Zhao, C., J. L. Fan, Z. M. Zhou, G. W. Zhu, J. Meng, and Y. H. Liang. 2009. “Development and prospect of reinforcement cage length detection technology.” Prog. Geophys. 24 (3): 1128–1135.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 34 • Issue 2 • April 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 1, 2019
Accepted: Jun 27, 2019
Published online: Jan 10, 2020
Published in print: Apr 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 10, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.