Characteristics and Countermeasures of Tunnel Heave due to Large-Diameter Shield Tunneling Underneath
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 34, Issue 1
Abstract
Structural deformation and damages may occur in existing tunnels because of new tunneling underneath. There is limited research on the interaction between overlying tunnels and large-diameter slurry shields in soft clay. This paper presents a case on the response of existing metro tunnels to large-diameter slurry shield underpassing in the muddy clay of Hangzhou, China. Through long-term displacement monitoring, displacement characteristics of existing tunnels during and after new tunnel construction were analyzed. Unusual tunnel heaves were observed after the passing of the shield tail because of the buoyancy effect. The existing tunnels heaved with the shape of an inverted , which was well-described with the Gaussian curve. The location of maximum tunnel heave was affected by the skew angle between the new and existing tunnels. Because the overburden pressure decreased in the under-crossing area, increased maximum ground heaves were observed. The adopted countermeasures for controlling tunnel heave were introduced and analyzed. By controlling the uplift of the new tunnels, excessive tunnel heave can be prevented. Increasing the clearance between the new and existing tunnels and optimizing the grouting parameters can diminish tunnel heave effectively. Long-term tunnel settlement caused by grout and soil consolidation developed considerably after shield underpassing. Decreased tunnel settlement and increased differential settlement could be observed during the second shield undercrossing. Detailed monitoring data and analysis provided useful experience for similar projects.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51338009 and 51778575) is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Avgerinos, V., D. M. Potts, and J. R. Standing. 2017. “Numerical investigation of the effects of tunnelling on existing tunnels.” Géotechnique 67 (9): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.SiP17.P.103.
Bezuijen, A., A. Talmon, F. Kaalberg, and R. Plugge. 2004. “Field measurements of grout pressures during tunnelling of the Sophia rail tunnel.” Soils Found. 44 (1): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.44.39.
Chen, K. H., and F. Le Peng. 2018. “An improved method to calculate the vertical earth pressure for deep shield tunnel in Shanghai soil layers.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 75 (May): 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.027.
Chen, R. P., X. T. Lin, X. Kang, Z. Q. Zhong, Y. Liu, P. Zhang, and H. N. Wu. 2018. “Deformation and stress characteristics of existing twin tunnels induced by close-distance EPBS under-crossing.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 82 (Dec): 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.059.
Cooper, M. L., D. N. Chapman, C. D. F. Rogers, and A. H. C. Chan. 2002. “Movements in the Piccadilly line tunnels due to the Heathrow Express construction.” Géotechnique 52 (4): 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.4.243.
Fang, Q., D. Zhang, Q. Q. Li, and L. N. Y. Wong. 2015. “Effects of twin tunnels construction beneath existing shield-driven twin tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 45 (Jan): 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.10.001.
Huang, Z., Y. Hou, Y. Ren, and J. Wang. 2015. “Environmental effect and control of large diameter EPB shield tunneling below an operating airport.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 28 (6): A4014004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000446.
Jin, D., D. Yuan, X. Li, and H. Zheng. 2018. “An in-tunnel grouting protection method for excavating twin tunnels beneath an existing tunnel.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 71 (Jan): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.08.002.
Jin, D., D. Yuan, S. Liu, X. Li, and W. Luo. 2019. “Performance of existing subway tunnels undercrossed by four closely spaced shield tunnels.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 33 (1): 04018099. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001230.
Kim, S. H., H. J. Burd, and G. W. E. Milligan. 1998. “Model testing of closely spaced tunnels in clay.” Géotechnique 48 (3): 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.3.375.
Klar, A., I. Elkayam, and A. M. Marshall. 2016. “Design oriented linear-equivalent approach for evaluating the effect of tunneling on pipelines.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (1): 04015062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001376.
Klar, A., T. E. B. Vorster, K. Soga, and R. J. Mair. 2005. “Soil–pipe interaction due to tunnelling: Comparison between Winkler and elastic continuum solutions.” Géotechnique 55 (6): 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.6.461.
Klar, A., T. E. B. Vorster, K. Soga, and R. J. Mair. 2007. “Elastoplastic solution for soil-pipe-tunnel interaction.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (7): 782–792. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:7(782).
Li, P., S. J. Du, S. L. Shen, Y. H. Wang, and H. H. Zhao. 2016. “Timoshenko beam solution for the response of existing tunnels because of tunneling underneath.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 40 (5): 766–784. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2426.
Li, X., X. Lin, H. Zhu, X. Wang, and Z. Liu. 2017. “Condition assessment of shield tunnel using a new indicator: The tunnel serviceability index.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 67 (Aug): 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.05.007.
Li, X. G., and D. J. Yuan. 2012. “Response of a double-decked metro tunnel to shield driving of twin closely under-crossing tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 28 (1): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.08.005.
Liao, S. M., J. H. Liu, R. L. Wang, and Z. M. Li. 2009. “Shield tunneling and environment protection in Shanghai soft ground.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 24 (4): 454–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.12.005.
Lin, C., Z. Zhang, S. Wu, and F. Yu. 2013. “Key techniques and important issues for slurry shield under-passing embankments: A case study of Hangzhou Qiantang River Tunnel.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 38 (Sep): 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.07.004.
Lin, X. T., R. P. Chen, H. N. Wu, and H. Z. Cheng. 2019. “Deformation behaviors of existing tunnels caused by shield tunneling undercrossing with oblique angle.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 89 (Jul): 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.03.021.
Liu, H. Y., J. C. Small, J. P. Carter, and D. J. Williams. 2009. “Effects of tunnelling on existing support systems of perpendicularly crossing tunnels.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (5): 880–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.01.013.
Liu, X., Q. Fang, D. L. Zhang, and Z. J. Wang. 2019. “Behaviour of existing tunnel due to new tunnel construction below.” Comput. Geotech. 110 (Jun): 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.02.013.
Ma, S. K., Y. Shao, J. Jiang, and L. X. Fan. 2017. “Responses of pipeline to side-by-side twin tunnelling at different depths: 3D centrifuge tests and numerical modelling.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 66 (Jun): 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.006.
Marshall, A. M., A. Klar, and R. J. Mair. 2010. “Tunneling beneath buried pipes: View of soil strain and its effect on pipeline behavior.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (12): 1664–1672. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000390.
Masini, L., S. Rampello, and K. Soga. 2014. “An approach to evaluate the efficiency of compensation grouting.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (12): 04014073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001180.
Mohamad, H., P. J. Bennett, K. Soga, R. J. Mair, and K. Bowers. 2010. “Behaviour of an old masonry tunnel due to tunnelling-induced ground settlement.” Géotechnique 60 (12): 927–938. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.074.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2013. Technical code for protection structures of urban rail transit. [In Chinese.] CJJ/T202. Beijing: MOHURD.
Ng, C., T. Boonyarak, and D. Mašín. 2015. “Effects of pillar depth and shielding on the interaction of crossing multitunnels.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (6): 04015021. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001293.
Ng, C. W. W., T. Boonyarak, and D. Mašín. 2013a. “Three-dimensional centrifuge and numerical modeling of the interaction between perpendicularly crossing tunnels.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (9): 935–946. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0445.
Ng, C. W. W., K. Y. Fong, and H. L. Liu. 2018. “The effects of existing horseshoe-shaped tunnel sizes on circular crossing tunnel interactions: Three-dimensional numerical analyses.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 77 (Jul): 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.025.
Ng, C. W. W., G. B. Liu, and Q. Li. 2013b. “Investigation of the long-term tunnel settlement mechanisms of the first metro line in Shanghai.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (6): 674–684. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0298.
Peck, R. G. 1969. “Deep excavations and tunneling in soft ground.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 225–290. Mexico City.
Shen, S., H. Wu, Y. Cui, Z. Yin, and U. Area. 2014. “Long-term settlement behaviour of metro tunnels in the soft deposits of Shanghai.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 40 (Feb): 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.10.013.
Talmon, A. M., and A. Bezuijen. 2013a. “Analytical model for the beam action of a tunnel lining during construction.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 37 (2): 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1092.
Talmon, A. M., and A. Bezuijen. 2013b. “Calculation of longitudinal bending moment and shear force for Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel: Application of lessons from Dutch research.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 35 (Apr): 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.01.001.
Verruijt, A., and O. E. Strack. 2008. “Buoyancy of tunnels in soft soils.” Géotechnique 58 (6): 513–515. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.6.513.
Vorster, T. E., A. Klar, K. Soga, and R. J. Mair. 2005. “Estimating the effects of tunneling on existing pipelines.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (11): 1399–1410. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1399).
Vu, M. N., W. Broere, and J. Bosch. 2016. “Volume loss in shallow tunnelling.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 59 (Oct): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.06.011.
Wan, M. S. P., J. R. Standing, D. M. Potts, and J. B. Burland. 2017. “Measured short-term ground surface response to EPBM tunnelling in London clay.” Géotechnique 67 (5): 420–445. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.099.
Zhang, D. M., Z. K. Huang, Z. L. Li, X. Zong, and D. M. Zhang. 2019. “Analytical solution for the response of an existing tunnel to a new tunnel excavation underneath.” Comput. Geotech. 108 (Apr): 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.12.026.
Zhang, Z., and M. Huang. 2014. “Geotechnical influence on existing subway tunnels induced by multiline tunneling in Shanghai soft soil.” Comput. Geotech. 56 (Mar): 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.11.008.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 34 • Issue 1 • February 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 11, 2019
Accepted: May 10, 2019
Published online: Oct 22, 2019
Published in print: Feb 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Mar 22, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.