Probabilistic Seismic Safety Evaluation of Precode Cylindrical Oil Tanks
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 29, Issue 6
Abstract
Cylindrical steel liquid storage tanks are important components of many process industries. They are usually used to store toxic, flammable, and hazardous liquids. Hence damage to liquid storage tanks may cause serious direct and indirect impacts. Many of the existing tanks in old industrial plants are precode tanks or were designed based on early editions of seismic codes. Meanwhile, the performance of old liquid storage tanks during the past earthquake revealed that they are noticeably vulnerable. In this paper, analytical and empirical probabilistic seismic safety analysis (PSSA) of precode tanks were performed. Fragility curves were developed in terms of the height-to-diameter ratio () and the relative amount of stored liquid (% full). To this end, 750 tank-liquid-earthquake analysis cases have been performed. Furthermore, performances of 43 unanchored old liquid storage tanks during three major earthquakes were observed. Results of this study revealed that the can be considered the most important source of uncertainty in PSSA of precode tanks. Moreover, the variation of % full causes shows noticeable changes in the values of fragilities of tanks.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ahari, M. N., Eshghi, S., and Ashtiany, M. G. (2009). “The tapered beam model for bottom plate uplift analysis of unanchored cylindrical steel storage tanks.” Eng. Struct., 31(3), 623–632.
ANSYS [Computer software]. Canonsburg, PA, ANSYS.
ASCE. (1985). “Earthquake damage evaluation data for California.” ATC-13, Reston, VA.
Brunesi, E., Nascimbene, R., Pagani, M., and Beilic, D. (2014). “Seismic performance of storage steel tanks during the May 2012 Emilia, Italy, earthquakes.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 04014137.
Buratti, N., and Tavano, M. (2014). “Dynamic buckling and seismic fragility of anchored steel tanks by the added mass method.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 43(1), 1–21.
Choi, E., DesRoches, R., and Nielson, B. (2004). “Seismic fragility of typical bridges in moderate seismic zones.” Eng. Struct., 26(2), 187–199.
Cook, R. D. (1994). Finite element modeling for stress analysis, Wiley.
Curadelli, O. (2013). “Equivalent linear stochastic seismic analysis of cylindrical base-isolated liquid storage tanks.” J. Construct. Steel Res., 83, 166–176.
Ellingwood, B. R., Rosowsky, D. V., Li, Y., and Kim, J. H. (2004). “Fragility assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to wind and earthquake hazards.” J. Struct. Eng., 1921–1930.
Eshghi, S., and Razzaghi, M. S. (2004). “The behavior of special structures during the Bam earthquake of 26 December 2003.” JSEE-J. Seismol. Earthquake Eng., 5(4), 197–207.
Eshghi, S., and Razzaghi, M. S. (2005). “Performance of industrial facilities in the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra, 21(S1), 395–410.
Eshghi, S., and Razzaghi, M. S. (2007). “Performance of cylindrical liquid storage tanks in Silakhor, Iran earthquake of March 31, 2006.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 40(4), 173–182.
Eshghi, S., Zare, M., Assadi, K., Razzaghi, M., Ahari, M., and Motamedi, M. (2004). “Reconnaissance report on 26 December 2003 Bam earthquake.”, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering (IIEES), Tehran, Iran (in Persian).
Hancilar, U., Taucer, F., and Corbane, C. (2013). “Empirical fragility functions based on remote sensing and field data after the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra, 29(4), 1275–1310.
HAZUS [Computer software]. Washington, DC, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Hosseinzadeh, N., Kazem, H., Ghahremannejad, M., Ahmadi, E., and Kazem, N. (2013). “Comparison of API650-2008 provisions with FEM analyses for seismic assessment of existing steel oil storage tanks.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 26(4), 666–675.
Ivanović, S. S., Trifunac, M. D., Novikova, E. I., Gladkov, A. A., and Todorovska, M. I. (2000). “Ambient vibration tests of a seven-story reinforced concrete building in Van Nuys, California, damaged by the 1994 Northridge earthquake.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 19(6), 391–411.
Ivanović, S. S., Trifunac, M. D., and Todorovska, M. I. (2000a). “Ambient vibration tests of structures—A review.” ISET J. Earthquake Technol., 37(4), 165–197.
Jacobsen, L. S. (1949). “Impulsive hydrodynamics of fluid inside a cylindrical tank and of fluid surrounding a cylindrical pier.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 39(3), 189–203.
Jaiswal, O. R., Rai, D. C., and Jain, S. K. (2007). “Review of seismic codes on liquid-containing tanks.” Earthquake Spectra, 23(1), 239–260.
Kircher, C. A., Nassar, A. A., Kustu, O., and Holmes, W. T. (1997). “Development of building damage functions for earthquake loss estimation.” Earthquake Spectra, 13(4), 663–682.
Lindell, M. K., and Perry, R. W. (1997). “Hazardous materials releases in the Northridge earthquake: Implications for seismic risk assessment.” Risk Anal., 17(2), 147–156.
Malhotra, P. (2000). “Practical nonlinear seismic analysis of tanks.” Earthquake Spectra, 16(2), 473–492.
Malhotra, P. K., and Veletsos, A. S. (1994). “Beam model for base-uplifting analysis of cylindrical tanks.” J. Struct. Eng., 3471–3488.
Manos, G. C. (1991). “Evaluation of the earthquake performance of anchored wine tanks during the San Juan, Argentina, 1977 earthquakes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 20(12), 1099–1114.
Manos, G. C., and Clough, R. W. (1985). “Tank damage during the May 1983 Coalinga earthquake.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 13(4), 449–466.
National Institue of Building Sciences (NIBS). (1999). Earthquake loss methodology, HAZUS 99, Technical manual, Vol. II, Washington, DC.
O’Rourke, M. J., and So, P. (2000). “Seismic fragility curves for on-grade steel tanks.” Earthquake Spectra, 16(4), 801–815.
Razzaghi, M. S. (2007). “Development of seismic fragility curves for on-ground cylindrical oil-storage tanks.” Ph.D. dissertation, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran (in Persian).
Scawthorn, C., and Johnson, G. S. (2000). “Preliminary report: Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake of 17 August 1999.” Eng. Struct., 22(7), 727–745.
Sezen, H., and Whittaker, A. S. (2006). “Seismic performance of industrial facilities affected by the 1999 Turkey earthquake.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 28–36.
Shinozuka, M., Feng, M. Q., Lee, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). “Statistical analysis of fragility curves.” J. Eng. Mech., 1224–1231.
So, P. (1999). “Seismic behavior of on-grade steel tanks; fragility curves.” M.Sc. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
Stepp, J. C., et al. (1990). “Industrial facilities.” Earthquake Spectra, 6(S1), 189–238.
Straub, D., and Der Kiureghian, A. (2008). “Improved seismic fragility modeling from empirical data.” Struct. Saf., 30(4), 320–336.
Swan, S. W., Miller, D. D., and Yanev, P. I. (1985). “The Morgan Hill earthquake of April 24, 1984—Effects on industrial facilities, buildings, and other facilities.” Earthquake Spectra, 1(3), 457–568.
Teng, J. G., and Rotter, J. M., eds. (2006). Buckling of thin metal shells, CRC Press, London.
Trifunac, M. D. (1970). “Ambient vibration test of a thirty-nine story steel frame building.”, Pasadena, CA.
Virella, J. C., Godoy, L. A., and Suárez, L. E. (2006b). “Fundamental modes of tank-liquid systems under horizontal motions.” Eng. Struct., 28(10), 1450–1461.
Virella, J. C., Godoy, L. A., and Suárez, L. E. (2006a). “Dynamic buckling of anchored steel tanks subjected to horizontal earthquake excitation.” J. Construct. Steel Res., 62(6), 521–531.
Virella, J. C., Prato, C. A., and Godoy, L. A. (2008). “Linear and nonlinear 2D finite element analysis of sloshing modes and pressures in rectangular tanks subject to horizontal harmonic motions.” J. Sound Vibr., 312(3), 442–460.
Virella, J. C., Suarez, L. E., and Godoy, L. A. (2005). “Effect of pre-stress states on the impulsive modes of vibration of cylindrical tank-liquid systems under horizontal motions.” J. Vibr. Control, 11(9), 1195–1220.
Zareian, F., Sampere, C., Sandoval, V., McCormick, D. L., Moehle, J., and Leon, R. (2012). “Reconnaissance of the Chilean wine industry affected by the 2010 Chile offshore Maule earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra, 28(S1), S503–S512.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 21, 2014
Accepted: Jul 29, 2014
Published online: Sep 26, 2014
Discussion open until: Feb 26, 2015
Published in print: Dec 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.